Application of RFID Technology Based on Internet of Things Vaccine Security Traceability System
2025-05-28 20:11:03
According to a survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are more than 10% of counterfeit drugs in global circulation, and more than 40% in developing countries. The amount of global counterfeit drugs exceeds US$320 billion. Around the world, more and more medical disputes have arisen. Vaccines are preventive biological products for the prevention and control of the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases, and are used in human vaccination. Due to the strengthening of the public’s concept of immunity and government’s policy guidance and support, China has become the largest demand for vaccine products in the world. With the supply market.
However, after China experienced the Shanxi vaccine and Anhui vaccine incident, more and more people hope that the vaccine can be used in various aspects such as production inspection, distribution, cold chain transportation, warehousing, sales, injection and so on. Under the supervision of the camp. Vaccine anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeit measures are urgently needed. In addition to barcodes that have been standardized for drug packaging, RFID (radio frequency identification) has been used as a drug production resume and has been regarded as a crack by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scheme of counterfeit drugs allows the source of medicines and distribution channels to be verified for their legitimacy. Production resumes have already been applied in the food industry and it is difficult to transfer them to the medical industry.
This article is a joint application of two-dimensional tags and RFID tags to track and monitor the entire supply chain system of vaccines. The application of RFID technology in the Internet of Things can not only track the supply of vaccines in a complex, multi-step vaccine supply network, but also establish an efficient logistics information platform, optimize internal logistics supply and distribution processes, and increase the production efficiency and products of the factory. Quality, enhance the transparency of the vaccine supply chain, improve safety, speed up the circulation, reduce logistics costs, and then improve the core competitiveness of the entire company.
Through RFID technology and internet of things technology, not only can information collection, production, circulation, consumption and other aspects of vaccines be collected, the entire process can be monitored, a complete management service platform can be established, users can trace and search for vaccine information, and consumption can also be enhanced. The safety of the vaccine obtained by the person effectively eliminates the harm caused by counterfeit and inferior vaccines.
I. The composition and workflow of the IoT vaccine safety traceability system
Vaccine safety traceability system is mainly designed in terms of vaccine production, logistics, warehousing, and vaccination. Based on the three-tier structure design of the Internet of Things, the vaccine realizes “information supervision, logistics intelligence, inquiry convenience, retrospective sourceâ€. To ensure the safety of the vaccine supply chain, the system model is shown in Figure 1. At each stage of vaccine production, logistics, warehousing and inoculation, the information of each link is cyclically superimposed through the front-end data collection equipment to form a comprehensive information document for a specific vaccine product, including identification of the vaccine information corresponding to the label, and Confirm the transfer of photo information and all temperature and humidity information. The information platform mainly includes a query analysis module, a monitoring traceability module, a data management module, and a logistics tracking module. The query and analysis module can provide information such as the label number, temperature, time, and location.
Second, RFID technology based on the Internet of Things Vaccine Security Tracing System
RFID is a communication technology that can identify specific targets and read and write related data through radio signals without identifying the mechanical or optical contact between the system and a specific target. It not only can realize the automatic identification and fast reading and writing of the recognized objects, but also can identify multiple labels and high-speed moving labels at the same time. The operation is quick and simple, and it can work in all kinds of harsh environments. It is the most advanced automatic at present. Identification technology. The RFID system is usually composed of a front-end RF terminal and a back-end computer information management system. RF terminals are generally composed of readers and tags. Tags are used to identify various attribute information of stored items; readers are used to collect information, use radio frequency signals to identify tags and communicate with computer information systems.
In the vaccine production information management system, a reader writer is used to collect the electronic tags attached to the production packaging box of the vaccine, and the collected electronic tag information is stored in a computer information system. Through the Internet of Things technology, it can be tracked anywhere. RFID-tagged vaccine box. The application of RFID in vaccine production information management system is shown in Figure 2.
In RFID technology, an electronic tag consists of a coupling element and a chip. It contains a microprocessor, an E2PROM, and a transceiver circuit, and stores detailed product information. Each product's electronic tags are unique and contain encryption logic that cannot be modified or copied. The RFID reader emits a radio frequency signal of a certain frequency through the antenna. When the electronic tag enters the working range of the reader, due to the electromagnetic induction, the antenna generates an induced current, so that the electronic tag is activated to reach the reader. Sends its own stored code information.
The reader/writer decodes the received information and sends it to the back-end computer information management system. The computer determines the validity of the label according to logical operations and makes corresponding processing and control for different settings. The computer information management system is networked with various monitoring points through the Internet and sets up an information platform to supervise and query the flow of products through the information platform.
Three, RFID design and application <br> <br> Currently, RFID technology has not been introduced globally uniform standards, each country's standards are not the same, resulting in a variety of global standards coexist. However, with the large-scale application of RFID in the global logistics industry, some RFID international standards developed by ISO have been widely recognized by various industries around the world. This article uses passive RFID tags, supports ISOI8000-6C (EPCGEN2) international standard protocol, operating frequency is between 860 and 960MHz, different operating frequencies need to design different antennas, the following describes the RFID antenna design and its application.
1. RFID antenna design The most difficult part of RFID technology is the design of the antenna. The larger the antenna area does not mean that the greater the induction intensity, in order to obtain the best measurement effect, you must know the size of the device before you can determine the antenna. size. The antenna is a sensitive object. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors used to fabricate the antenna must have high accuracy. Otherwise, antenna production may fail. The equivalent circuit of the antenna is shown in Figure 3.
The performance of the antenna is mainly related to the size of the Rant and Lant. When calculating the quality factor Q of the antenna and the antenna tuning Cant can be ignored. Several important parameters of the antenna are estimated as follows:
Among them: L1 is the length of a turn (åŒ) wire loop; D1 is the diameter of the coil or the width of the conductor; N1 is the number of turns of the coil; K is the coefficient of the antenna (annulus is 1.07, square is 1.47).
The size of the antenna capacitance Cant is related to the size of the antenna coil produced. It can be directly measured by the instrument.
Quality factor:
(Generally recommended that Q = 35 is more appropriate), where: ωR = 2π · fR, fR is the RFID operating frequency, because the system RFID can work between 860 ~ 960MHz frequency, there will be conflicts with the domestic mobile phone GSM900 applications, so use Only 860-870MHz is used as the RFID operating frequency range.
According to the above two formulae of Q and ωR, the resistance of the Rant resistor can be directly calculated.
2. Application of RFID According to the current status of the development of pharmaceutical logistics in China, each vaccine is labeled with an RFID tag, and it is not possible to trace the vaccine. Most of the time, 2D bar codes are used in conjunction with RFID tags to record vaccine information with 2D bar codes. Each vaccine has a uniquely-identified retail package, and then the RFID electronic tag is used to identify the vaccine's production and logistics packaging. In-house vaccine information, tracking of supply chain of vaccines and traceability of problem vaccines.
The application of RFID tags enables vaccine manufacturers to create a unique EPC code in each package. It is considered to be the only effective way to identify all items. Although EPC codes can only record limited identification information, it has a corresponding back-end database. As a support, it is possible to quickly query various packaging information for vaccines. When the vaccine is released, RFID-tagged RFID tags will be tracked to ensure that the distribution, warehousing, and vaccination aspects of the vaccine are monitored. RFID will curb the emergence of counterfeit vaccines, prevent the loss of vaccines, speed up the turnover of vaccine stocks, and increase the recall rate of vaccines.
Using RFID technology in the logistics link can record information such as storage temperature, transportation vehicles, vehicle location and transportation time during the cold chain transportation of the vaccine, and record the information through GPRS wireless communication or vehicle cable network and logistics company's local The communication of the database will enable the link between vaccine production, logistics, warehousing and vaccination, and the problems can be identified in a timely manner in each link.
IV. Problems to be solved by using RFID technology
The use of RFID technology brings many benefits to the vaccine safety traceability system, but due to some intrinsic reasons the entire system still has some problems.
1. Cost Issues The price of RFID is an important factor affecting the large-scale application of its technology. RFID tags are relatively expensive. If they are used as widely as current two-dimensional codes, the cost is bound to increase. For this reason, this system takes advantage of the ability of RFID to be tracked and positioned, but it is only used in vaccine containers and transport vehicles. Therefore, if we want to extend RFID technology to various fields, we can only realize the advantages of its technology only when its cost is further reduced.
2. Electromagnetic Interference Problems As we all know, mobile phones can interfere with the work of many electronic devices, such as radars for medical devices and aircraft. The frequency range that RFID uses is 860- 960MHz, and there is conflict with the frequency of use of the mobile phone, so will also produce the electromagnetic interference to the electronic apparatus. The system uses 860 to 870 MHz as the operating frequency. According to a scientific study published by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), RFID can cause more serious electromagnetic interference to medical equipment. This study was conducted by the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The center's researchers tested 41 medical devices with 868 MHz passive tags. In 123 tests (average of 3 tests per device), a total of 34 electromagnetic disturbances were recorded, causing some medical devices to stop working. This shows that RFID technology will produce the same radiation as the mobile phone for electronic devices, which is a potential problem. Although it will not prevent RFID technology from being applied to the medical community, it should be taken seriously.
3. Standard formulation and implementation issues The RFID standards are roughly divided into four major categories: technical standards (such as symbols, radio frequency identification technologies, IC card standards, etc.), data content standards (such as coding formats, grammar standards, etc.), and conformance standards (such as Print quality, test specifications, etc.) and application standards (such as shipping labels, product packaging standards, etc.). At present, the frequencies used by RFID technology are difficult to be unified, and RFID readers and tag technologies cannot be applied as a whole. There is no international standard that can be accepted by the world. Therefore, it cannot be implemented universally. Vaccine safety traceability system uses RFID in production, logistics, warehousing and vaccination. Only four links use the same frequency, RFID hardware devices and software systems can be unified, and the entire system will be closely linked. The formation of a complete and safe vaccine industrial chain will be conducive to promotion and use.
4, information security and privacy issues RFID electronic tags using database information sharing mode, in the database information read and write, transmission process and access to the Internet may be infected with the virus, all may have illegally read and change the tag information The security risks, as well as the fact that RFID can read data without contact, can also infringe on the privacy dispute. Information security and privacy issues all require the government to help solve the problem. The government should strengthen the investment in talents, policies, and funds in the research and production of RFID technology to solve the technical difficulties of RFID information security. To protect the privacy of users, gradually solve the problems of information security and privacy.
V. Conclusion <br> <br> RFID technology is described herein in vaccine safety traceability system, the whole supply chain using the same frequency range, form the same standards. Each vaccine box has a unique EPC code, further strengthens the anti-counterfeiting measures of the vaccine, uses RFID technology to collect information in all aspects, and masters the flow direction of the product in real time, and can also trace the quality of the product and fight against counterfeit and inferior vaccines. The protection of people's health is of great significance, and will be used further in the pharmaceutical industry in the future, even laying the foundation for the overall promotion of food, tobacco, alcohol and other FMCG industries.
However, after China experienced the Shanxi vaccine and Anhui vaccine incident, more and more people hope that the vaccine can be used in various aspects such as production inspection, distribution, cold chain transportation, warehousing, sales, injection and so on. Under the supervision of the camp. Vaccine anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeit measures are urgently needed. In addition to barcodes that have been standardized for drug packaging, RFID (radio frequency identification) has been used as a drug production resume and has been regarded as a crack by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scheme of counterfeit drugs allows the source of medicines and distribution channels to be verified for their legitimacy. Production resumes have already been applied in the food industry and it is difficult to transfer them to the medical industry.
This article is a joint application of two-dimensional tags and RFID tags to track and monitor the entire supply chain system of vaccines. The application of RFID technology in the Internet of Things can not only track the supply of vaccines in a complex, multi-step vaccine supply network, but also establish an efficient logistics information platform, optimize internal logistics supply and distribution processes, and increase the production efficiency and products of the factory. Quality, enhance the transparency of the vaccine supply chain, improve safety, speed up the circulation, reduce logistics costs, and then improve the core competitiveness of the entire company.
Through RFID technology and internet of things technology, not only can information collection, production, circulation, consumption and other aspects of vaccines be collected, the entire process can be monitored, a complete management service platform can be established, users can trace and search for vaccine information, and consumption can also be enhanced. The safety of the vaccine obtained by the person effectively eliminates the harm caused by counterfeit and inferior vaccines.
I. The composition and workflow of the IoT vaccine safety traceability system
Vaccine safety traceability system is mainly designed in terms of vaccine production, logistics, warehousing, and vaccination. Based on the three-tier structure design of the Internet of Things, the vaccine realizes “information supervision, logistics intelligence, inquiry convenience, retrospective sourceâ€. To ensure the safety of the vaccine supply chain, the system model is shown in Figure 1. At each stage of vaccine production, logistics, warehousing and inoculation, the information of each link is cyclically superimposed through the front-end data collection equipment to form a comprehensive information document for a specific vaccine product, including identification of the vaccine information corresponding to the label, and Confirm the transfer of photo information and all temperature and humidity information. The information platform mainly includes a query analysis module, a monitoring traceability module, a data management module, and a logistics tracking module. The query and analysis module can provide information such as the label number, temperature, time, and location.
Victim Security Tracing System Based on Internet of Things Three-tier Architecture
Second, RFID technology based on the Internet of Things Vaccine Security Tracing System
RFID is a communication technology that can identify specific targets and read and write related data through radio signals without identifying the mechanical or optical contact between the system and a specific target. It not only can realize the automatic identification and fast reading and writing of the recognized objects, but also can identify multiple labels and high-speed moving labels at the same time. The operation is quick and simple, and it can work in all kinds of harsh environments. It is the most advanced automatic at present. Identification technology. The RFID system is usually composed of a front-end RF terminal and a back-end computer information management system. RF terminals are generally composed of readers and tags. Tags are used to identify various attribute information of stored items; readers are used to collect information, use radio frequency signals to identify tags and communicate with computer information systems.
In the vaccine production information management system, a reader writer is used to collect the electronic tags attached to the production packaging box of the vaccine, and the collected electronic tag information is stored in a computer information system. Through the Internet of Things technology, it can be tracked anywhere. RFID-tagged vaccine box. The application of RFID in vaccine production information management system is shown in Figure 2.
RFID application in vaccine production information management system
In RFID technology, an electronic tag consists of a coupling element and a chip. It contains a microprocessor, an E2PROM, and a transceiver circuit, and stores detailed product information. Each product's electronic tags are unique and contain encryption logic that cannot be modified or copied. The RFID reader emits a radio frequency signal of a certain frequency through the antenna. When the electronic tag enters the working range of the reader, due to the electromagnetic induction, the antenna generates an induced current, so that the electronic tag is activated to reach the reader. Sends its own stored code information.
The reader/writer decodes the received information and sends it to the back-end computer information management system. The computer determines the validity of the label according to logical operations and makes corresponding processing and control for different settings. The computer information management system is networked with various monitoring points through the Internet and sets up an information platform to supervise and query the flow of products through the information platform.
Three, RFID design and application <br> <br> Currently, RFID technology has not been introduced globally uniform standards, each country's standards are not the same, resulting in a variety of global standards coexist. However, with the large-scale application of RFID in the global logistics industry, some RFID international standards developed by ISO have been widely recognized by various industries around the world. This article uses passive RFID tags, supports ISOI8000-6C (EPCGEN2) international standard protocol, operating frequency is between 860 and 960MHz, different operating frequencies need to design different antennas, the following describes the RFID antenna design and its application.
1. RFID antenna design The most difficult part of RFID technology is the design of the antenna. The larger the antenna area does not mean that the greater the induction intensity, in order to obtain the best measurement effect, you must know the size of the device before you can determine the antenna. size. The antenna is a sensitive object. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors used to fabricate the antenna must have high accuracy. Otherwise, antenna production may fail. The equivalent circuit of the antenna is shown in Figure 3.
Antenna equivalent circuit diagram
The performance of the antenna is mainly related to the size of the Rant and Lant. When calculating the quality factor Q of the antenna and the antenna tuning Cant can be ignored. Several important parameters of the antenna are estimated as follows:
Among them: L1 is the length of a turn (åŒ) wire loop; D1 is the diameter of the coil or the width of the conductor; N1 is the number of turns of the coil; K is the coefficient of the antenna (annulus is 1.07, square is 1.47).
The size of the antenna capacitance Cant is related to the size of the antenna coil produced. It can be directly measured by the instrument.
Quality factor:
(Generally recommended that Q = 35 is more appropriate), where: ωR = 2π · fR, fR is the RFID operating frequency, because the system RFID can work between 860 ~ 960MHz frequency, there will be conflicts with the domestic mobile phone GSM900 applications, so use Only 860-870MHz is used as the RFID operating frequency range.
According to the above two formulae of Q and ωR, the resistance of the Rant resistor can be directly calculated.
2. Application of RFID According to the current status of the development of pharmaceutical logistics in China, each vaccine is labeled with an RFID tag, and it is not possible to trace the vaccine. Most of the time, 2D bar codes are used in conjunction with RFID tags to record vaccine information with 2D bar codes. Each vaccine has a uniquely-identified retail package, and then the RFID electronic tag is used to identify the vaccine's production and logistics packaging. In-house vaccine information, tracking of supply chain of vaccines and traceability of problem vaccines.
The application of RFID tags enables vaccine manufacturers to create a unique EPC code in each package. It is considered to be the only effective way to identify all items. Although EPC codes can only record limited identification information, it has a corresponding back-end database. As a support, it is possible to quickly query various packaging information for vaccines. When the vaccine is released, RFID-tagged RFID tags will be tracked to ensure that the distribution, warehousing, and vaccination aspects of the vaccine are monitored. RFID will curb the emergence of counterfeit vaccines, prevent the loss of vaccines, speed up the turnover of vaccine stocks, and increase the recall rate of vaccines.
Using RFID technology in the logistics link can record information such as storage temperature, transportation vehicles, vehicle location and transportation time during the cold chain transportation of the vaccine, and record the information through GPRS wireless communication or vehicle cable network and logistics company's local The communication of the database will enable the link between vaccine production, logistics, warehousing and vaccination, and the problems can be identified in a timely manner in each link.
IV. Problems to be solved by using RFID technology
The use of RFID technology brings many benefits to the vaccine safety traceability system, but due to some intrinsic reasons the entire system still has some problems.
1. Cost Issues The price of RFID is an important factor affecting the large-scale application of its technology. RFID tags are relatively expensive. If they are used as widely as current two-dimensional codes, the cost is bound to increase. For this reason, this system takes advantage of the ability of RFID to be tracked and positioned, but it is only used in vaccine containers and transport vehicles. Therefore, if we want to extend RFID technology to various fields, we can only realize the advantages of its technology only when its cost is further reduced.
2. Electromagnetic Interference Problems As we all know, mobile phones can interfere with the work of many electronic devices, such as radars for medical devices and aircraft. The frequency range that RFID uses is 860- 960MHz, and there is conflict with the frequency of use of the mobile phone, so will also produce the electromagnetic interference to the electronic apparatus. The system uses 860 to 870 MHz as the operating frequency. According to a scientific study published by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), RFID can cause more serious electromagnetic interference to medical equipment. This study was conducted by the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The center's researchers tested 41 medical devices with 868 MHz passive tags. In 123 tests (average of 3 tests per device), a total of 34 electromagnetic disturbances were recorded, causing some medical devices to stop working. This shows that RFID technology will produce the same radiation as the mobile phone for electronic devices, which is a potential problem. Although it will not prevent RFID technology from being applied to the medical community, it should be taken seriously.
3. Standard formulation and implementation issues The RFID standards are roughly divided into four major categories: technical standards (such as symbols, radio frequency identification technologies, IC card standards, etc.), data content standards (such as coding formats, grammar standards, etc.), and conformance standards (such as Print quality, test specifications, etc.) and application standards (such as shipping labels, product packaging standards, etc.). At present, the frequencies used by RFID technology are difficult to be unified, and RFID readers and tag technologies cannot be applied as a whole. There is no international standard that can be accepted by the world. Therefore, it cannot be implemented universally. Vaccine safety traceability system uses RFID in production, logistics, warehousing and vaccination. Only four links use the same frequency, RFID hardware devices and software systems can be unified, and the entire system will be closely linked. The formation of a complete and safe vaccine industrial chain will be conducive to promotion and use.
4, information security and privacy issues RFID electronic tags using database information sharing mode, in the database information read and write, transmission process and access to the Internet may be infected with the virus, all may have illegally read and change the tag information The security risks, as well as the fact that RFID can read data without contact, can also infringe on the privacy dispute. Information security and privacy issues all require the government to help solve the problem. The government should strengthen the investment in talents, policies, and funds in the research and production of RFID technology to solve the technical difficulties of RFID information security. To protect the privacy of users, gradually solve the problems of information security and privacy.
V. Conclusion <br> <br> RFID technology is described herein in vaccine safety traceability system, the whole supply chain using the same frequency range, form the same standards. Each vaccine box has a unique EPC code, further strengthens the anti-counterfeiting measures of the vaccine, uses RFID technology to collect information in all aspects, and masters the flow direction of the product in real time, and can also trace the quality of the product and fight against counterfeit and inferior vaccines. The protection of people's health is of great significance, and will be used further in the pharmaceutical industry in the future, even laying the foundation for the overall promotion of food, tobacco, alcohol and other FMCG industries.
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