Fertilization technology for main food crops in late autumn
2018-08-07 07:02:45
The main varieties of corn for the promotion of food crops in late autumn this year are mainly No. 4, Xinghuangdan 892, Yunrui 8, Yunyou 47, Yunyou 320, Sweet 888, and potatoes are mainly -2, cooperation 88. Zhongdianhong; soybeans are mainly Yufeng No.1, 滇86-4, Zhongpin 661, 滇86-5 and so on. According to the characteristics of the above varieties and the basic laws of the growth of water and fertilizer in late autumn crops, we must carefully grasp the following key technologies for fertilization.
Corn has different absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at different stages of growth. Studies have shown that the nitrogen uptake in autumn maize seedlings only accounts for 2.14% of the total nitrogen; the jointing and booting stage accounts for 32.2% of the total; the heading and flowering period accounts for 18.95% of the total; the grain formation stage accounts for 46.7% of the total. . The absorption of phosphorus in autumn maize accounted for 1.12% of the total in the seedling stage, and the absorption in the jointing period accounted for 45.04% of the total, and the stage of heading fertilization and grain formation accounted for 53.84% of the total. The absorption of potassium by corn is similar to that of summer maize. More than 70% of the corn is absorbed before heading and 30% when it is fertilized. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize showed that the seedling stage was less, the jointing stage increased significantly, and the fertilizer requirement was reached from the booting stage to the heading stage. Therefore, according to this feature, autumn corn fertilization should be fertilized as much as possible before the peak of fertilizer demand.
A physiological disease caused by malnutrition is called deficiency. There is a general difference between the lack of large amounts of elements and the lack of external morphological features of micronutrients. Nitrogen deficiency, seedling dwarf, thin, yellowish green leaves; leaves turn yellow from the tip of the leaf, along the midrib of the leaf, causing yellowing of the whole plant, the lower part of the leaf tip is dead and the edge is yellow-green; severe nitrogen deficiency or critical period Nitrogen deficiency, small ear, no top grain, low protein content. Phosphorus deficiency, tender plant sensitivity, plant dwarfing; leaf tip, leaf margin chlorotic is purple-red, posterior leaf end dead or dark purple brown; roots are underdeveloped, female pollination is blocked, grain is not full, ear is small or distortion . In the absence of potassium, the tip and leaf margin of the lower leaves are yellow or red-hot, and the plants are easy to fall and the ears are small. Zinc deficiency, excessive phosphorus in soil or fertilizer, soil with high pH, ​​low temperature, high humidity or less Organic Fertilizer is prone to zinc deficiency.
Autumn corn topdressing is an important measure for high-yield corn cultivation. Most of the methods are applied before and after heavy weighting, that is, corn is applied to 1/3 of top dressing before jointing, and 75-150 kg of urea per hectare is applied to large bell mouth. During the period of application of 2/3 of topdressing, the application of urea per hectare is 150-300 kg, which is 13.3% higher than that of the previous heavy-weight fertilization method.
The type and amount of nutrients required for each potato growth period are different. From germination to seedling stage, because the tubers are rich in nutrients, they absorb less nutrients, accounting for about 25% of the total growth period. During the tuber formation period to the tuber expansion period, due to the large growth of stems and leaves and the rapid formation and expansion of tubers, the absorption of nutrients is the most, accounting for more than 50% of the total growth period. The absorption of nutrients during the accumulation of starch decreased, accounting for about 25% of the total growth period. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in each growth period is more nitrogen in the seedling stage, more potassium in the middle stage, and less phosphorus in the whole growth period.
Combining the growth characteristics and fertilizer characteristics of autumn potato, actively promote soil testing and formula fertilization in conditional places, and put forward reasonable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios through sampling and soil sample analysis, and at the same time apply appropriate amount of medium and medium Trace elements, produced or formulated into potato-specific formula fertilizers, are directly used in potato production to promote potato yield and income.
Soybean soybean is not strict with soil requirements, and the suitable pH value is 6.5-7.5. It is not resistant to salt and alkali, and high organic matter content can promote high yield of soybean. Soybean root is a straight root system. Rhizobium and root have a "symbiotic nitrogen fixation" effect on the root, which is a heavy source of nitrogen nutrition.
Soybeans require more fertilizer, and each production of 100 kilograms of soybean requires 8.30 kilograms of nitrogen, 1.64 kilograms of phosphorus, and 3.72 kilograms of potassium. Soybeans require a lot of nitrogen, one from the nitrogen contained in the soil and fertilizer, and the other from the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium, which can meet about 1/2 to 2/3 of the nitrogen required for high-yield soybeans. When excessive chemical nitrogen is applied, the number of nodules is reduced, and the rate of nitrogen fixation is lowered, which increases the cost of soybean production. It is generally believed that in areas where nitrogen is particularly deficient, early application of nitrogen can promote rapid growth of seedlings. Soybean seedling stage is a critical period of nitrogen demand. Applying a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer during sowing can promote seedling growth.
Phosphorus promotes the development of nodule and can achieve the effect of “phosphorus-increasing nitrogenâ€. Phosphorus mainly promotes root growth in the early growth stage, and phosphorus promotes the growth of vegetative bodies such as stems and leaves before flowering. The abundant supply of phosphorus during flowering can shorten the formation process of the genital palace; the phosphorus is insufficient, and the flowering and falling pods are significantly increased. Potassium can promote the growth of soybean seedlings, so that the stems are strong and do not fall.
Applying lime to acidic soils not only supplies calcium nutrients necessary for soybean growth, but also corrects soil acidity. The effect of lime on increasing soil pH is often higher than that of increasing nutrients, making the soil environment conducive to Rhizobium activity and increasing the effectiveness of other nutrients in the soil, such as aluminum. In addition, calcium is very important in the early stage of soybean nodule formation. An increase in calcium in the soil can increase the number of soybean nodules. However, the application of lime should not be excessive, generally not more than 450 kg per hectare. The application of superphosphate on production can meet the demand for calcium in soybeans.
The trace elements required for soybeans are iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron and molybdenum. In the acidic soil, except for molybdenum, these elements are easily absorbed from the soil and are not lacking. Sometimes when the soil lacks molybdenum, it will also become a production limiting factor. However, molybdenum can accumulate in the soil. When the amount of molybdenum in the soil is too high, it is also toxic to soybean growth.
The lack of nitrogen in autumn soybeans is yellow in the true leaves, which can be yellowed from the bottom to the top. There are parallel continuous or discontinuous iron patches along the veins on the compound leaves. The chlorosis extends from the tip to the base, and the whole leaves are light yellow. The veins are also green; the leaves are small and thin, easy to fall off, and the stems are slender. The lack of phosphate root nodules, slender stems, the lower leaves of the plants are dark green, the leaves are thick, uneven, narrow and long; when the phosphorus deficiency is serious, the veins are yellowish brown, and the whole leaves are yellow. The potassium deficiency leaves are yellow, and the symptoms develop from the lower leaves to the upper leaves; the leaves begin to produce chlorotic spots, which expand into blocks, the plaques are connected, the center of the posterior leaves spread, and finally only the leaves around the leaves are green. Yellow leaves are difficult to recover, the leaves are thin and easy to fall off.
The calcium deficiency leaves are yellow and have brown dots. Starting from the middle of the leaves and the tip of the leaves, the leaf margins are still green; the leaves are drooping and twisted, the leaves are small, narrow and long, and the tip of the leaves is sharply fished. The surface of the molybdenum-deficient upper leaves is light, the main and branch veins are lighter; the membranous macular appears between the branches, the leaf tips are easy to lose green, and the yellow spots are darkened to light brown; some leaves are uneven and distorted, and some of the main veins appear in the center. White linear.
Soybean is mainly applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers, and is mainly composed of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and molybdenum nutrients. Generally, the amount of soybean fertilization is 3 to 4 kg/mu, phosphorus is 6 to 8 kg/mu, and potassium is 3 to 8 kg/ Mu, including the sum of pure and effective nutrient content of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein nitrogen includes the sum of base fertilizer and topdressing nitrogen.
Corn has different absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at different stages of growth. Studies have shown that the nitrogen uptake in autumn maize seedlings only accounts for 2.14% of the total nitrogen; the jointing and booting stage accounts for 32.2% of the total; the heading and flowering period accounts for 18.95% of the total; the grain formation stage accounts for 46.7% of the total. . The absorption of phosphorus in autumn maize accounted for 1.12% of the total in the seedling stage, and the absorption in the jointing period accounted for 45.04% of the total, and the stage of heading fertilization and grain formation accounted for 53.84% of the total. The absorption of potassium by corn is similar to that of summer maize. More than 70% of the corn is absorbed before heading and 30% when it is fertilized. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize showed that the seedling stage was less, the jointing stage increased significantly, and the fertilizer requirement was reached from the booting stage to the heading stage. Therefore, according to this feature, autumn corn fertilization should be fertilized as much as possible before the peak of fertilizer demand.
A physiological disease caused by malnutrition is called deficiency. There is a general difference between the lack of large amounts of elements and the lack of external morphological features of micronutrients. Nitrogen deficiency, seedling dwarf, thin, yellowish green leaves; leaves turn yellow from the tip of the leaf, along the midrib of the leaf, causing yellowing of the whole plant, the lower part of the leaf tip is dead and the edge is yellow-green; severe nitrogen deficiency or critical period Nitrogen deficiency, small ear, no top grain, low protein content. Phosphorus deficiency, tender plant sensitivity, plant dwarfing; leaf tip, leaf margin chlorotic is purple-red, posterior leaf end dead or dark purple brown; roots are underdeveloped, female pollination is blocked, grain is not full, ear is small or distortion . In the absence of potassium, the tip and leaf margin of the lower leaves are yellow or red-hot, and the plants are easy to fall and the ears are small. Zinc deficiency, excessive phosphorus in soil or fertilizer, soil with high pH, ​​low temperature, high humidity or less Organic Fertilizer is prone to zinc deficiency.
Autumn corn topdressing is an important measure for high-yield corn cultivation. Most of the methods are applied before and after heavy weighting, that is, corn is applied to 1/3 of top dressing before jointing, and 75-150 kg of urea per hectare is applied to large bell mouth. During the period of application of 2/3 of topdressing, the application of urea per hectare is 150-300 kg, which is 13.3% higher than that of the previous heavy-weight fertilization method.
The type and amount of nutrients required for each potato growth period are different. From germination to seedling stage, because the tubers are rich in nutrients, they absorb less nutrients, accounting for about 25% of the total growth period. During the tuber formation period to the tuber expansion period, due to the large growth of stems and leaves and the rapid formation and expansion of tubers, the absorption of nutrients is the most, accounting for more than 50% of the total growth period. The absorption of nutrients during the accumulation of starch decreased, accounting for about 25% of the total growth period. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in each growth period is more nitrogen in the seedling stage, more potassium in the middle stage, and less phosphorus in the whole growth period.
Combining the growth characteristics and fertilizer characteristics of autumn potato, actively promote soil testing and formula fertilization in conditional places, and put forward reasonable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios through sampling and soil sample analysis, and at the same time apply appropriate amount of medium and medium Trace elements, produced or formulated into potato-specific formula fertilizers, are directly used in potato production to promote potato yield and income.
Soybean soybean is not strict with soil requirements, and the suitable pH value is 6.5-7.5. It is not resistant to salt and alkali, and high organic matter content can promote high yield of soybean. Soybean root is a straight root system. Rhizobium and root have a "symbiotic nitrogen fixation" effect on the root, which is a heavy source of nitrogen nutrition.
Soybeans require more fertilizer, and each production of 100 kilograms of soybean requires 8.30 kilograms of nitrogen, 1.64 kilograms of phosphorus, and 3.72 kilograms of potassium. Soybeans require a lot of nitrogen, one from the nitrogen contained in the soil and fertilizer, and the other from the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium, which can meet about 1/2 to 2/3 of the nitrogen required for high-yield soybeans. When excessive chemical nitrogen is applied, the number of nodules is reduced, and the rate of nitrogen fixation is lowered, which increases the cost of soybean production. It is generally believed that in areas where nitrogen is particularly deficient, early application of nitrogen can promote rapid growth of seedlings. Soybean seedling stage is a critical period of nitrogen demand. Applying a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer during sowing can promote seedling growth.
Phosphorus promotes the development of nodule and can achieve the effect of “phosphorus-increasing nitrogenâ€. Phosphorus mainly promotes root growth in the early growth stage, and phosphorus promotes the growth of vegetative bodies such as stems and leaves before flowering. The abundant supply of phosphorus during flowering can shorten the formation process of the genital palace; the phosphorus is insufficient, and the flowering and falling pods are significantly increased. Potassium can promote the growth of soybean seedlings, so that the stems are strong and do not fall.
Applying lime to acidic soils not only supplies calcium nutrients necessary for soybean growth, but also corrects soil acidity. The effect of lime on increasing soil pH is often higher than that of increasing nutrients, making the soil environment conducive to Rhizobium activity and increasing the effectiveness of other nutrients in the soil, such as aluminum. In addition, calcium is very important in the early stage of soybean nodule formation. An increase in calcium in the soil can increase the number of soybean nodules. However, the application of lime should not be excessive, generally not more than 450 kg per hectare. The application of superphosphate on production can meet the demand for calcium in soybeans.
The trace elements required for soybeans are iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron and molybdenum. In the acidic soil, except for molybdenum, these elements are easily absorbed from the soil and are not lacking. Sometimes when the soil lacks molybdenum, it will also become a production limiting factor. However, molybdenum can accumulate in the soil. When the amount of molybdenum in the soil is too high, it is also toxic to soybean growth.
The lack of nitrogen in autumn soybeans is yellow in the true leaves, which can be yellowed from the bottom to the top. There are parallel continuous or discontinuous iron patches along the veins on the compound leaves. The chlorosis extends from the tip to the base, and the whole leaves are light yellow. The veins are also green; the leaves are small and thin, easy to fall off, and the stems are slender. The lack of phosphate root nodules, slender stems, the lower leaves of the plants are dark green, the leaves are thick, uneven, narrow and long; when the phosphorus deficiency is serious, the veins are yellowish brown, and the whole leaves are yellow. The potassium deficiency leaves are yellow, and the symptoms develop from the lower leaves to the upper leaves; the leaves begin to produce chlorotic spots, which expand into blocks, the plaques are connected, the center of the posterior leaves spread, and finally only the leaves around the leaves are green. Yellow leaves are difficult to recover, the leaves are thin and easy to fall off.
The calcium deficiency leaves are yellow and have brown dots. Starting from the middle of the leaves and the tip of the leaves, the leaf margins are still green; the leaves are drooping and twisted, the leaves are small, narrow and long, and the tip of the leaves is sharply fished. The surface of the molybdenum-deficient upper leaves is light, the main and branch veins are lighter; the membranous macular appears between the branches, the leaf tips are easy to lose green, and the yellow spots are darkened to light brown; some leaves are uneven and distorted, and some of the main veins appear in the center. White linear.
Soybean is mainly applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers, and is mainly composed of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and molybdenum nutrients. Generally, the amount of soybean fertilization is 3 to 4 kg/mu, phosphorus is 6 to 8 kg/mu, and potassium is 3 to 8 kg/ Mu, including the sum of pure and effective nutrient content of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein nitrogen includes the sum of base fertilizer and topdressing nitrogen.
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