Formulated fertilization technology for flower production
2018-08-12 04:02:23
1. Nutrients required for flower growth and development 1. Large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (1) Nitrogen (N) nutrition of flowers: Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development, although the total amount of nitrogen in plants is not too high. High, such as rice whole plant is 1.0 ~ 2.0%. Plants are plants with high nitrogen content, and the nitrogen content in plant leaves accounts for about 3.5 to 5.0% of their dry weight. Nitrogen is mainly absorbed in the form of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, and some small molecules of organic nitrogen such as urea can also be absorbed and utilized by plants. Nitrogen is the main component of protein, accounting for about 16-18% of protein content. It contains protein in both cytoplasm and nucleus. All enzymes are also based on proteins. In addition, nitrogen, such as nucleic acid, phospholipid, chlorophyll, and coenzyme, contain nitrogen; some plant hormones such as auxin and kinetin, and vitamins (such as B1, B2, B3, and PP) also contain nitrogen. Therefore, nitrogen plays a leading role in plant life, so nitrogen is also called life element.
(2) Phosphorus (P) nutrition of flowers: Phosphorus is also an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Generally, the phosphorus content of plants is 1 to 8%. Plants absorb more phosphorus from flower bud differentiation to flowering stage. Therefore, appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer should be carried out before flower bud differentiation stage; when soil temperature is low, effective phosphorus content in soil should be increased, and phosphate fertilizer should be increased; Appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer can increase the cold resistance of plants and increase the number of root lice and stems. Phosphorus is mainly absorbed by the formation of HPO42- and H2PO4-. Phosphorus is involved in the composition of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, and certain coenzymes, and is therefore a major component of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Phosphorus is involved in many metabolic processes such as the glycolysis process.
(3) Potassium (K) nutrition of flowers: Potassium is one of the three essential elements for plant growth and development. The potassium content in the soil is rich, so people have paid insufficient attention to potassium fertilizer for a long time. In recent years, due to the large use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, the demand for potash has also increased. Potassium is present in the organism in a free state or in an adsorbed state, and has an activation effect on various enzymes in the plant, and regulates various metabolisms of the plant. The potassium content of plants is about 1.0 to 3.5%. Potassium can promote the synthesis and transportation of carbohydrates, so potassium application can make the stem thick; potassium can also increase the hydration degree of the cells and improve the drought resistance and cold resistance of the plants. Generally, applying potassium fertilizer in the late autumn and early winter can improve the cold resistance of the plants. Sex.
2, secondary elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur: Although the content of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in plants is not as much as NPK, but it is also necessary for plant growth and development, if it is lacking, it will show deficiency.
(1) The role of calcium (Ca): Calcium is a component of the cell wall, so calcium deficiency will affect cell division. If calcium silicate is a component of the intercellular layer, cell division cannot be performed normally when calcium is deficient, often making the top buds Necrosis, damage to the apex is more serious. Calcium is involved in protein synthesis; calcium is also an activator of some enzymes, such as ATP hydrolase and phospholipid hydrolase, which require calcium ions. Calcium has the effect of neutralizing organic acids and soil acidity in plants; it has physiological disorders caused by excessive resistance to certain ions, and thus affects the absorption of various elements. If the calcium content in the culture substrate is too high, it will affect potassium and magnesium ions. The absorption also antagonizes the absorption of iron and manganese.
(2) The role of magnesium (Mg): Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll, which affects the synthesis of chlorophyll when magnesium is deficient, thus affecting light and action. Magnesium is an activator of various enzymes, affecting plant nucleic acid and protein synthesis and energy conversion.
(3) The role of sulfur (S): Sulfur is absorbed and utilized by plants in the form of SO42-. SO2 in the atmosphere can also be directly absorbed and utilized as a sulfur source in the upper part of plants. Sulfur is involved in the formation of photo-amino acid, hemi-amino acid and methyl sulfide. A sulfur-containing amino acid such as a lysine is one of the constituent elements of a protein.
3. Trace elements:
(1) Effect of iron (Fe): Iron is absorbed and utilized in the form of Fe2+ or Fe3+, which is a component of heme, which is a number of important oxidoreductases in plants (such as cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidation). A prosthetic group such as a hydrogenase or a peroxidase). In the molecules of these enzymes, the reversible transformation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ states plays an important role in the electron transport of respiration. Some of the prosthetic groups of oxidoreductases (such as ferredoxin) are not heme. But it also contains iron, which is called non-heme iron. Although iron is not a component of chlorophyll, the synthesis of chlorophyll requires iron.
(2) Effect of boron (B): Boron in the soil is absorbed by plants in the form of BO32-. Boron can increase the activity of invertase, promote the transport of carbohydrates, and facilitate the transport of light and products from leaves to roots and stamens. Therefore, boron promotes root development. Boron has a significant effect on the development of flower organs, which is an important physiological function of boron. The effective amount of boron is very narrow, generally in the range of 0.06 to 2.8 ppm. In the production, the phenomenon of poisoning of large areas due to improper use of boron fertilizer has occurred. Therefore, caution should be taken when using boron fertilizer.
(3) The role of copper (Cu): Copper is a trace element necessary for flowers. Copper is a component of ascorbate oxidase and polyphenol oxidase, and functions as a transfer point in redox. The chloroplast contains a copper-containing protein called plastid phthalocyanine, which plays an important role in the electron transport system. Copper is also involved in the nitrite reduction process. Copper is mainly absorbed by plants in the form of Cu+ and Cu2+.
(4) The role of zinc (Zn): Zinc is directly involved in the synthesis of indole acetic acid, and the content of indole acetic acid in plants is decreased when zinc is deficient, resulting in a series of diseases. Zinc is also an activator for many enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and pyrimidine nucleotide dehydrogenase. Zinc is also involved in protein synthesis.
(5) Effect of Manganese (Mn): Manganese is mainly absorbed by plants in the form of Mn2+, which is an activator of many enzymes, including malate dehydrogenase in the Krebs cycle, oxalyl succinate dehydrogenase, and participation in fatty acid synthesis. Many enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. Manganese is also an activator of nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine reductase, and manganese is contained in the prosthetic group of indoleacetic acid oxidase. Manganese is also directly involved in light and action, and plays an important role in the photolysis of water and the release of oxygen. Manganese plays an important role in the maintenance of chlorophyll structure. In the case of extreme manganese deficiency, the chloroplast layer structure of plants is destroyed.
(6) Effect of chlorine: Chlorine is absorbed by plants in the form of Cl-. In plants, chlorine does not participate in the structure of any organic molecule. The main role of chlorine is to participate in the photolysis and release of water and the release of oxygen. Plants are chlorine-free crops, and care should be taken to prevent chlorine poisoning when using them. When the chlorine content is high, it can promote the production of ethylene in plants and accelerate the process of aging.
Second, the nutritional diagnosis of flowers The external morphological characteristics of flowers is a comprehensive reaction of internal factors and external environmental conditions. When the soil lacks or exceeds any necessary nutrients, it will cause the unique physiological symptoms of flowers, namely deficiency. According to this, the lack or excess of an element can be judged, so that corresponding measures can be taken. Generally, according to the growth and development of flowers, whether there are growth and developmental disorders, whether the shape is abnormal, whether there is dead or not, etc., whether the plant lacks certain nutrient elements, that is, nutritional diagnosis, the common nutritional diagnosis methods are as follows:
1. Morphological diagnosis: When the soil lacks any necessary nutrient elements, it will cause the flowers to have unique symptoms. According to this, it is possible to judge the lack or excess of certain elements, and accordingly adopt corresponding measures.
2, chemical diagnosis: by analyzing the chemical composition of the plant, compared with the chemical composition of normal plants, to diagnose the nutritional conditions of seedlings is called chemical diagnosis.
3, fertilization diagnosis: through the morphological diagnosis, chemical diagnosis and other methods to initially determine the lack of elements, supplement the application of these mineral fertilizers, after a period of time, if the symptoms disappear, you can determine the cause, this method is called fertilization diagnosis.
Third, the lack of flowers disease 1, nitrogen deficiency: flowers in the absence of nitrogen, growth is blocked, the growth of the amount of decline, the initial color becomes shallow, and then yellow off, generally no necrosis. The symptoms of green deficiency always start on the old leaves and develop on the new leaves. Branching is inhibited during nitrogen deficiency. In the absence of nitrogen, due to the accumulation of sugar in the tissue to promote the synthesis of anthocyanins, stems and petioles often turn purple.
2. Phosphorus deficiency: Phosphorus has a strong ability to move in plants and can be rapidly transferred from old leaves to young shoots and meristems. Therefore, the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency are first manifested on the old leaves. When the flower is deficient in phosphorus, the leaves are dark green. The accumulation of soluble sugar leads to the formation of anthocyanins due to the accumulation of phosphorus, and the stems and veins become purple. Necrotic areas may also occur in various parts of the plant during severe phosphorus deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency also inhibits flower growth, but it is not as severe as nitrogen deficiency. However, the growth inhibition of roots is more than nitrogen deficiency.
3. Potassium deficiency: Potassium has a high degree of mobility in plants. When plants are deficient in potassium, they first appear on old leaves. In the absence of potassium, the leaves showed a mottled green area, and then a necrotic area was produced along the leaf edge and tip. The leaves were curled and finally blackened and burnt; the growth of the stem was weakened and the disease resistance was reduced.
4. Calcium deficiency: Because the mobility of calcium in plants is very poor, the symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants are first manifested in new leaves. The typical symptoms of calcium deficiency are necrosis of leaf tips and leaf margins of young leaves, followed by buds. Necrosis, the apex will also stop growing, discoloration and death.
5, lack of magnesium: the typical symptoms are lack of green between the veins, sometimes red, orange and other bright colors, severe small areas of necrosis. Since magnesium is easy to flow in plants, symptoms of magnesium deficiency usually occur on old leaves. Magnesium deficiency is also likely to occur when potassium is used in large quantities.
6. Sulphur deficiency: The symptoms of sulphur deficiency are similar to those of nitrogen deficiency, such as uniform chlorosis and yellowing of leaves, formation and accumulation of anthocyanins, and inhibition of growth. However, sulfur deficiency usually begins with young leaves and is less severe.
7, iron deficiency: the typical symptoms are lack of green. Iron does not move in plants, so iron deficiency first manifests in young leaves. The green deficiency of iron deficiency is characterized by yellowing between veins and leaves, and the veins remain green. Generally, there is no growth inhibition or necrosis. Plants are often deficient in iron in alkaline or calcareous calcareous soils because iron in the soil is in the form of insoluble iron oxide or iron hydroxide under alkaline conditions. Excessive magnesium in the soil also affects the absorption of iron. Although iron can be absorbed by plants in the state of Fe3+, it is necessary to reduce the physiologically active Fe2+ state in plants. Manganese is an oxidant, and when the ratio of manganese/iron is deregulated, iron will exist in the state of Fe3+ and lose physiological activity.
8. Zinc deficiency: The typical symptoms of zinc deficiency are inhibition of internode growth, severe leaf deformity, and inhibition of apical dominance, which may be caused by insufficient supply of auxin (IAA), as zinc and zinc are required for auxin synthesis. The lack of green leaves is also a common symptom of zinc deficiency. Symptoms of zinc deficiency are more likely to occur on neutral and alkaline soils. Zinc deficiency in the soil in many parts of China, and affecting crop yields, including plant yields, will be affected. At the same time, people in the region have long-term consumption of zinc-deficient foods, which also affect people's health. Zinc fertilizer is often encountered in the application of zinc fertilizer, zinc fertilizer is generally used as a root external dressing effect, can avoid zinc and phosphorus antagonism.
9. Boron deficiency: The typical symptoms of boron deficiency are thickening of leaves and darkening of leaves, death of meristems of shoots and roots, and development of roots and shoots caused by boron deficiency; the development of boron deficiency is slow, soil The effectiveness of boron in the medium is affected by calcium. The high content of calcium in the soil can reduce the absorption of boron. The reason may be that calcium causes the boron to recombine or precipitate in the soil, or reduce the absorption capacity of boron by the root system.
10. Manganese deficiency: The symptoms of manganese deficiency are leaf chlorosis, and small necrotic spots are formed on the leaves. Note that it is different from bacterial spot disease and brown spot disease. The symptoms of manganese deficiency are on young leaves and old leaves. Can happen. Generally, manganese is not deficient in acidic soil, but in soils with a pH greater than 6.5, manganese deficiency is often caused. In soils with high oxidization and alkaline soils, manganese and iron can be converted into inactive states, causing plants to be deficient in manganese. Plant yields are affected when the manganese content is too high or too low.
11. Copper deficiency: The symptoms of copper deficiency are leaf tip necrosis and leaf withered black, and the symptoms appear first on young leaves. When the soil is applied with an excessive amount of phosphate fertilizer, the copper becomes an insoluble precipitate and the effectiveness is lowered. The application of copper sulfate to the edible plant can increase the yield and improve the disease resistance.
12. Deficiency of molybdenum: The initial symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are green and necrosis between old veins, sometimes spotted necrosis. Molybdenum deficiency can also cause symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. It is easily absorbed by plants in soils with higher pH.
Fourth, the type of fertilizer 1, organic fertilizer: fertilizer containing a lot of organic matter called organic fertilizer, also known as farmyard manure. Organic fertilizer contains a large amount of humus and organic matter, which can provide various nutrients for plants; it can improve the effectiveness of poorly soluble sulfate in soil, reduce the fixation of soil to phosphorus, improve soil fertility and improve soil structure. Significance. Commonly used organic fertilizers are manure, livestock manure, poultry manure, bone meal, fish meal, manure, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer, peat, grass ash, fallen leaves, weeds, green manure, etc. Organic fertilizers are rich in organic matter, comprehensive in nutrients and long in fertilizer efficiency. It is worth noting that when using organic fertilizer, it should be fully decomposed. (1) The application of compost and manure from piles and manures is the use of plant residues, such as straw, leaves, weeds, plant wastes and other wastes as the main raw materials, adding human excrement or livestock excrement for accumulation and tanning. Made of. The composting of the compost is to create conditions for the microbial decomposition of the microorganisms, and the fermentation temperature is high. The manure is mostly tanning under water, mainly based on anaerobic decomposition, and the fermentation temperature is low. The C/N ratio required for general microbial fermentation is 25:1. The C/N ratio of different organic substances is different, and it is necessary to adjust with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer during fermentation.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio of 3 different organics:
Plant material and fertilizer type Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N)───
Wild grass 25~45:1
Dry straw 67:1
Wood and bark 480:1
苜蓿 and clover 20:1
Ziyun Ying 10～17.3:1
Sawdust 250:1
High temperature composting 9.67～10.67:1
General compost 16～20:1
Heap and manure contain complete fertilizers with high organic matter and various nutrients. The fertilizer is slow and long-lasting, and is generally used as a base fertilizer. Long-term application of heap and manure can play a role in improving soil. The amount of fertilizer and fertilizer used in the nursery is usually 750-1500Kg/mu. Nitrogen in compost is insufficient due to the consumption of microorganisms. It is best to apply compost after applying compost.
The proportion of various manure materials should be determined according to the use of the fertilizer. If it is topdressing in the same year, it requires fertilizer to be cooked quickly. 50kg of grass can be used, 10-15kg human excrement, 1~2kg lime, or 2.5-5kg grass ash can be added. For example, at the end of the year, the grass will be dried for 1 to 2 days, cut into 7 to 10 cm long sections, and the grass will be laid at the bottom of the pit, about 17 cm thick, and then the horse manure will be laid, and the water and human waste will be used. All drowned. When the fertilizer is fermented, add a layer of black soil when the manure becomes black and green, then add grass, horse manure and water. This layer is piled up to the ground, and finally water is poured to keep the pit surface 3 cm thick. In the autumn, the good fertilizer will be brought to the ground, and after turning over, it will be piled up into a pile of steamed buns. Composting is the result of microbial activity.
The external conditions affecting microbial activity include the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) of water, air, temperature, composting materials, and the pH of the environmental conditions in which the microorganisms are located. Compost can be decomposed as long as the conditions required for microbial activity are met.
It is necessary to soak the plant debris before absorbing it. Moisture is very important in the composting process. Generally, the water content is 60-70% of the dry material, which is beneficial to the life of the microorganisms in the pile and the softening of the organic materials, and can also promote the composting of the compost. Usually, the material is gripped by hand and the water droplets are extruded, that is, the moisture is moderate.
If the ventilation in the pile is good, the aerobic microbial activity is strong. It is conducive to microbial composting; when the ventilation condition is poor, the anaerobic microbial activity is strong, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, the effective nutrient release is less, and the compost maturity is long, but it is conducive to the formation and accumulation of humus. Therefore, the two can be combined; the pre-stacking is mainly aerobic, so that the compost quickly decomposes and releases nutrients, while the middle and late composts are in an air-non-circulating state to preserve the released nutrients and promote the accumulation of humus. The method is as follows: in the early stage of composting, the compost can be ventilated by setting up a ventilation tower, a ventilation ditch or a method of loosely accumulating. When the compost is decomposed, the compost will naturally collapse. Then, the sealant will be compacted and the ventilation tower and other facilities will be removed to reduce the air circulation.
During the composting process, the temperature in the heap changes with the decomposition of organic matter, and enters the high temperature from low temperature and medium temperature. The high temperature fiber decomposing bacteria requires a temperature of 50 to 60 ° C and is a good heat microorganism. When composting in winter, an appropriate amount of horse manure can be added to the composting material, and the heat generated by the high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria can be used to increase the composting temperature, or the surface of the mud can be used to reduce the heat and accelerate the composting of the compost. Microbial activity requires carbon as an energy source and nitrogen is required as a material for building cells.
Microbial activity and reproduction require a certain ratio (C/N) for carbon and nitrogen, typically less than 25:1. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio in composting is greater than 25:1, the microorganisms cannot multiply, the organic residues decompose slowly, and the microorganisms will absorb inorganic nitrogen from the external environment. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio of organic matter is less than 25:1, the microorganisms multiply rapidly and the organic residues decompose and decompose. In order to accelerate the activity of microorganisms and promote compost maturity, manure or other nitrogen fertilizer can be added to the compost to regulate the carbon to nitrogen ratio required by microorganisms.
During the composting process, the decomposition of organic matter will produce a large amount of organic acids, which will make the environment acidic and affect the life activities of microorganisms. Because the general microorganisms are suitable to live in a neutral or slightly acidic environment, alkaline substances such as lime or grass ash and calcareous soil should be appropriately added to the compost to adjust the pH value in the compost. It is divided into ordinary compost and high temperature compost. The former fermentation temperature is low, and the latter is subjected to high temperature fermentation.
First, common compost: suitable for areas or seasons with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Composting should choose a place where the terrain is flat and close to the water source. The stack is 2 meters wide and 1.5 to 2 meters high. The pile length depends on the material. Before stacking, tamping and leveling the ground, layering a layer of turf soil or peat to absorb the infiltrated fertilizer liquid, and then evenly spread the litter, weeds, garbage, etc., and pour the human and animal waste. And sewage, etc. Each layer is about 15~26cm thick and covered with a layer of fine soil or river mud to reduce water evaporation and ammonia volatilization. Stack for about 1 month, turn it over once, and add some water. It is hot and rainy in summer, composting for about 2 months, turning it once, and it takes 3 to 4 months to be decomposed in winter.
Second, high temperature composting: High temperature composting is a major method for the harmless treatment of organic substances. Human excrement, tree leaves, weeds, mixed plants, various straws, etc., after high temperature treatment, can eliminate the hidden bacteria, eggs and grass seeds. Conducive to environmental health and human and animal health. In order to accelerate the decomposition of weeds, leaves, etc., increase the temperature of the fertilizer. High-temperature compost must be added to horse manure, which uses the high-temperature heat-decomposing bacteria in horse manure to promote the decomposition of plant residues. If the high temperature compost adopts a half pit type, the decomposing is fast and sufficient, and the nutrient loss is small. The method is as follows: selecting a place with a high degree of dryness and close to the water source to make a fertilizer field. Digging holes in the ground, if the plant material is calculated according to 0.5 tons, the pit depth is 1 meter, and the excavated soil surrounds the pit and forms a circle of soil. The bottom of the pit is leveled, and a cross groove is dug. The depth and width of the groove are 20cm. Both ends of the groove are dug up along the edge, and the soil is directly excavated. The outer exit is flared. Two short branches are laid vertically and horizontally at the bottom of the pit, and a few straws or branches are used as a ventilation tower. Then lay the plant material and step on it, add a layer of fine soil, pour lime water, sprinkle a horse dung, and then pour human waste. Then lay the material again, so that it is piled up to about 30cm above the pit surface, covered with a layer of soil, about 3cm thick, so that the pile is in the shape of a skull. After 1 to 2 days, make it fully ventilated, and finally use river mud, pond mud and other caps.
The above two types of composting are the traditional methods of fertilizing fertilizer for crops. It is characterized by rich and comprehensive nutrients. High temperature compost has a bactericidal and insecticidal effect. The cultivated soil and humus soil commonly used in flower production are rich in production similar to compost. They also use plant materials such as fallen leaves and fallen flowers, and they are poured onto human dung to promote the decomposition of plant residues. The difference is that the humus soil should be added to a considerable amount of garden soil, and the decomposing time is long. There is no high-temperature fermentation process, and the insects cannot be sterilized. The bacteria and eggs are often lurked in the culture soil or the humus soil to infect the new plants. Virus or axillary pests.
(2) Application of mud fertilizer: The fertile mud in rivers, ponds, ditches and lakes is collectively referred to as mud fertilizer. It is composed of fine soil, dirt and litter brought by wind and rain, which are collected in the bottom of rivers, gullies, ponds and lakes, together with the excrement and remains of aquatic animals, and the remains of aquatic plants. .
These microorganisms decomposed gas too long NiFei material was formed. Different mud fertilizers have different fertilizer effects. If the surface dark green sludge, bad taste, there are many cellular loaded mud hole, see the plant stems and leaves traces therein, a high volume of less fertilizer; contrary, if the water clear, pale color dredged mud, compact structure, no Honeycomb holes are less effective.
NiFei is cool fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency and long term stability. In order to eliminate NiFei nutrients are rapidly transformed and reducing toxic substances due to anaerobic where the long-term flooding produced before its first fertilizer spreading, drying time, and then break administration. Nursery base fertilizer with a large amount NiFei administration, which can supply not only nutrients seedlings, thickening Topsoil also improve soil properties. The use of mud to prepare cultured soil for planting flowers is effective. First spread the mud fertilizer to the open field. After drying slightly, cut into a 1cm-sized mud block and pour in about 1/5 of the ash. Use this soil to plant white orchids, jasmine, etc., and leafy flowers. The nutrient content of several mud fertilizers is as follows:
The average organic matter (%) of the mud-mud mud of the project mud lake is 9.37, 4.46, 5.28, 2.45, 5.09 total nitrogen (N,%) 0.44, 0.40, 0.29, 0.20, 0.38 total phosphorus (P2O5,%) 0.49, 0.56, 0.36 , 0.16, 0.34 total potassium (K2O), %) 0.56, 1.83, 1.82, 1.00, 1.62 ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N, ppm) 100-1.25273203 nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N, ppm)—251.4611 available phosphorus (P , ppm) 30182.89757 available potassium (K, ppm) 5517.5245193.
(3) Peat and humic acid Fertilizer not only have strong adsorption capacity, but also the humate extracted from grass charcoal has a stimulating effect on plant growth. Therefore, the utilization of peat is multifaceted.
First, the gasket material used for livestock: animals with peat as a gasket, not only can absorb urine of livestock manure, but also to absorb the gas (ammonia, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) generated when livestock manure decomposition. It not only avoids fat loss, but also keeps the environment clean. The experiment proved that 1 ton of manure with a charcoal gasket.
Second, the production of grass charcoal sludge fertilizer: the former Soviet Union used two types of peat (high, low) mixed with sludge precipitated from municipal sewage (weight 1:1), and then added different parts of mineral fertilizer to make grass charcoal Mud fertilizer. The results show that the peat sludge mixed fertilizer is weak in acidity and rich in fusible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially suitable for turf cultivation.
Third, the production of grass charcoal fertilizer: the Soviet Union developed grass charcoal as the main component (100 parts) plus lime 0.2 ~ 0.3 parts, microbial medium 0.1 ~ 0.2 parts, nitrogen-fixing bacteria agent 0.05 ~ 0.1 parts, made of grass charcoal fertilizer, application Convenience.
Fourth, the production of grass paper: the use of decomposition of the difference between the grass carbon fiber and the binder to make a straw paper, which can also be added fertilizers and other chemical additives. Grass paper mixed with grass seeds can be laid on land around new buildings to form lawns and other ground coverings.
Fifth, composting: The Federal Republic of Germany combines peat, lignite powder, conifer bark, waste matrix of cultivated mushrooms, asbestos and soil, and the fertilizer produced by 7 to 14 days is suitable for planting garden ornamental plants.
Sixth, use grass charcoal for greenhouse soil: use fresh grass charcoal (high-grade charcoal) to add nutrients, can be used as greenhouse soil, and cultivate plants.
Seventh, the production of flower culture soil: Because of the strong adsorption capacity of grass charcoal, in recent years, many areas of foreign countries use grass charcoal to make flower nutrient soil.
Eighth, the preparation of grass charcoal nutrition é’µ: the use of moderately decomposed grass charcoal to make nutrients, easy to manage, transport, and carry.
In addition, according to the degree of looseness of the charcoal and the sediment content, a small amount of sludge can be added as a binder, or sawdust chips and sand can be added as a loosening agent. After the ingredients are thoroughly mixed, the charcoal nutrient solution is made by hand or mechanically. Due to the tightness of the grass charcoal, the roots of the flowers and seedlings planted in the grass charcoal nutrient are well grown.
When planting plants or other acidic flowers, add appropriate amount of ferrous sulfate to the nutrient solution to adjust the pH. Humic acid fertilizer Humic acid fertilizer is a variety of humates made from humus-rich peat brown coal and weathered coal as the main raw materials, alkali and acid precipitation.
The main humic acid fertilizers are: humic acid ammonium, nitro humic acid, humic acid nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer. Peat and other fertilizer formula: peat (semi-dry) 60-80% decomposed manure 10-20% superphosphate 0.1-0.4% ammonium sulfate 0.1-0.2% grass ash 1-2% with peat, urea, superphosphate, chlorine Potassium is used as raw material, dry pulverization, metering and mixing, granulation, screening and packaging, etc., and humic acid nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are produced in accordance with granular fertilizer. It is not only a nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also mixed with humic acid, is a long-acting slow compound fertilizer. Humic acid fertilizer The humic acid fertilizer produced in China has achieved good results in the production of early chrysanthemum, especially suitable for soil with higher salinization. The various kinds of ferment fertilizers developed in the past few years in China have also been tested and used. And through the Taoranting Park for two consecutive years with humic acid fertilizer on the early chrysanthemum test. Compared with the control, the early chrysanthemum with fermented fertilizer has a large number of roots and the leaves are obviously thicker and greenish. It has also been reported that the product of humic acid fertilizer, fulvic acid diamine, is better than ferrous sulfate in controlling yellowing.
2. Inorganic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers are also called chemical fertilizers. Compared with organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers have high nutrient content, simple ingredients, soluble in water, fast and short fertilizer effects, and acid-base reactions. Long-term use of chemical fertilizers will have adverse effects on soil compaction and salinization. According to the main nutrients it contains, fertilizers are often divided into:
(1) Nitrogen fertilizer: including ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, and the like.
(2) Phosphate fertilizer: There are superphosphate, phosphate rock and so on.
(3) Potassium fertilizer: potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, and the like.
(4) Compound fertilizer: There are three elements, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and the like.
(5) Trace element fertilizer (micro-fertilizer): There are copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, boron, iron and the like.
(6) Fungus: The growth and development of flowers such as rhizobium, phosphatase, and potassium bacteria require a large amount of nutrients, which are mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil. If the required nutrients are not replenished in time, it will affect growth and yield. Studies have shown that the yield per unit area is directly proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied, and only through fertilization can the nutrient needs of different flower growth stages be met.
V. Ways of fertilization 1. Base fertilizer: (Base fertilizer) is mainly based on organic fertilizer combined with slow-acting inorganic fertilizer, which is applied to the soil during land preparation. When using organic fertilizer, it must be fully decomposed, and can not use "raw manure". Because raw manure is heated by fermentation, it is easy to damage the roots of seedlings. At the same time, there are a large number of eggs and pests in the raw manure, which is easy to cause pests and diseases. Generally, organic fertilizer is mainly used, and the amount of use is 3,000 to 10,000 kg, and a certain amount of inorganic fertilizer is added. The application of organic fertilizers in sandy and sticky soils is particularly important.
2. Fertilizer: Spread the fertilizer near the seed when sowing. Generally, quick-acting phosphate fertilizer is used. The seed fertilizer not only provides nutrients to the seedlings, but also increases the germination rate of the field.
1 Seedlings are sensitive to phosphate fertilizer at seedling stage, and if there is phosphorus deficiency in seedling stage, it will seriously affect the growth of seedlings. Phosphorus is poor in mobility in the soil and is easily fixed. The applied seed fertilizer is close to the roots of the seedlings, which is beneficial to root absorption and growth.
2 base fertilizer and seed fertilizer are used together, layered fertilization, and seedlings can be layered and utilized.
3 Phosphate fertilizer granules have a small contact area with soil, which can reduce soil fixation and increase fertilizer efficiency by 25-100%.
4 Granular fertilizer has good physical properties, which is beneficial to seed germination and root and shoot growth of seedlings.
3. Topdressing: A fertilizer that is applied in order to replenish certain nutrients in the soil during the growth period of the plant. There are two types of soil topdressing and topdressing. The principle of top dressing is that the leaves of plants have pores, lenticels and water holes. Small substances can pass through, such as urea, and can be directly absorbed into the leaves.
1 soil topdressing: use quick-acting fertilizer, generally based on nitrogen fertilizer, in the later topdressing with phosphorus and potassium. Commonly used topdressing methods are: applicator, watering method, point casting method, ditch casting method, etc. Generally 3 to 5 times a year. The end period of top dressing should not be too late, especially in the late stage of nitrogen fertilizer, which tends to cause seedlings to grow and reduce cold resistance.
2 external top dressing: The quick-acting fertilizer is formulated into a dilute solution during the growth of the seedling, and the aerial part applied to the seedling is mainly on the blade. This method is mainly used for the poor absorption capacity of roots. When the soil conditions are not good, it should be used in time to supplement trace elements in seedlings. The general use frequency is 3 to 4 times. When the flower is produced in large area, the root top dressing is often used, because it has the following characteristics: the top dressing can reduce the soil fixation and leaching, and the replaced Fe3+ and Al3+ ions in the soil make the phosphorus fixed; the fertilizer outside the root is quick and can The nutrients required for the timely supply of seedlings are absorbed in about 20 to 30 minutes after spraying, and can be absorbed more than 50% in 24 hours, and can be absorbed in 2 to 5 days. Soil fertilization takes 7 to 10 days to be absorbed; it is beneficial to be absorbed and utilized by plants to save fertilizer, less fertilizer loss, and high utilization rate. For example, plant seedlings with 50ml of urea root dressing, better than soil fertilization 150ml, saving fertilizer 2 / 3; can supply nutrients in strict accordance with the needs of growth and development; can increase seedling yield and improve product quality.
4. Technical points of top dressing:
1 Fertilizer use concentration should be appropriate: general micro-fertilizer concentration is 0.1-0.2%; chemical fertilizer concentration 0.2-0.5% such as urea concentration is 0.5%; potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1-0.3%; superphosphate 1-5% (take supernatant) liquid). 0.1 to 0.5% of ferrous sulfate, 0.5 to 0.5% of ferrous sulfate during the growth period, can make the leaves dark green. According to Japanese research, the concentration of chemical fertilizer applied by plants is 25-60ppm nitrogen, 4-6ppm phosphorus, and 25-50ppm potassium. The nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped during the bud stage, and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for fertilization.
2 external top dressings should be carried out at low temperatures, high air humidity, and no wind in the morning or evening. Otherwise it won't work.
3 The spray should be even, the leaves and the back of the leaves should be sprayed, and the amount of liquid sprayed should not be allowed to flow down the solution on the leaves.
4 The concentration should be accurate. A blank test should be carried out before top dressing to accurately prepare the concentration of the fertilizer.
5 can be mixed with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, etc., to analyze the properties of fertilizers and other pesticides before mixing, and should not be mixed when the effect of mixing is reduced or precipitation occurs.
6 first mix the solution, filter out impurities and use. In order to increase the surface tension at the time of application, a surfactant such as a small amount of washing powder or the like may be added.
Sixth, formula fertilization and fertilization amount calculation Formula fertilization is based on the amount of fertilizer required for different periods of flower growth and development, and reasonable fertilization. The amount of fertilizer applied is generally based on the ability of the soil (or matrix) to supply fertilizer, and the lack of flowers.
The amount of flower fertilization is usually calculated according to the following formula: A=(B-C)/D
Where: A—application amount of an element (kg)
B—the amount of fertilizer required for a certain flower (kg)
C—the amount of fertilizer absorbed by the flower or soil (kg)
D—fertilizer utilization rate (%)
The utilization rate N of general flower inorganic fertilizer is 45-60%, generally calculated as 50%; P is 10-25%; K is 50%. The utilization rate of compost: N is 20-30%; P is 10-15%; K is 40-45%. The amount of fertilizer applied can be estimated based on the amount of nutrients in the flower body and the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
For example, the fresh weight of the plant is 100 g and 10% is dry weight. The contents of N, P and K are 4%, 0.5% and 2%, respectively, that is, 0.4 g, 0.05 g and 0.2 g each. Due to the fertilizer applied to the soil, part of it is lost due to irrigation, and the other part is fixed by the soil and remains in the soil. Therefore, the nutrients in the fertilizer cannot be completely absorbed by the plants. Assuming that the fertilizer utilization rate of the plants is 20%, 10%, and 20%, respectively, the three elements that should be applied to the soil are 2g, 0.5g, and 1g, respectively. These values ​​were converted into the corresponding chemical fertilizers, namely, 10 g of ammonium sulfate, 2.5 g of superphosphate, and 1.7 g of potassium sulfate.
These fertilizers can be applied in stages during fertility. The composition of various fertilizers in potting soil is suitably about 0.1 to 0.5 g per liter of soil. The amount of fertilizer applied per time varies with the number of fertilizations. The principle of “thin fertilizer and diligence†should be advocated, and it is forbidden to apply concentrated fertilizer. Because concentrated fertilizer will increase the osmotic pressure of soil solution, affecting the absorption of water by plants, and when the content of individual ions in soil solution is too high, ionic antagonism and reuse will occur, which hinders the absorption of required ions. Will cause the death of plants.
Seven, flower fertilization should pay attention to the following issues:
1. The base fertilizer and top dressing should be combined with the use of general organic fertilizers of 3000-~0000 kg, together with a certain amount of inorganic fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizers in sandy and sticky soils is particularly important.
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(2) Phosphorus (P) nutrition of flowers: Phosphorus is also an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Generally, the phosphorus content of plants is 1 to 8%. Plants absorb more phosphorus from flower bud differentiation to flowering stage. Therefore, appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer should be carried out before flower bud differentiation stage; when soil temperature is low, effective phosphorus content in soil should be increased, and phosphate fertilizer should be increased; Appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer can increase the cold resistance of plants and increase the number of root lice and stems. Phosphorus is mainly absorbed by the formation of HPO42- and H2PO4-. Phosphorus is involved in the composition of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, and certain coenzymes, and is therefore a major component of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Phosphorus is involved in many metabolic processes such as the glycolysis process.
(3) Potassium (K) nutrition of flowers: Potassium is one of the three essential elements for plant growth and development. The potassium content in the soil is rich, so people have paid insufficient attention to potassium fertilizer for a long time. In recent years, due to the large use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, the demand for potash has also increased. Potassium is present in the organism in a free state or in an adsorbed state, and has an activation effect on various enzymes in the plant, and regulates various metabolisms of the plant. The potassium content of plants is about 1.0 to 3.5%. Potassium can promote the synthesis and transportation of carbohydrates, so potassium application can make the stem thick; potassium can also increase the hydration degree of the cells and improve the drought resistance and cold resistance of the plants. Generally, applying potassium fertilizer in the late autumn and early winter can improve the cold resistance of the plants. Sex.
2, secondary elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur: Although the content of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in plants is not as much as NPK, but it is also necessary for plant growth and development, if it is lacking, it will show deficiency.
(1) The role of calcium (Ca): Calcium is a component of the cell wall, so calcium deficiency will affect cell division. If calcium silicate is a component of the intercellular layer, cell division cannot be performed normally when calcium is deficient, often making the top buds Necrosis, damage to the apex is more serious. Calcium is involved in protein synthesis; calcium is also an activator of some enzymes, such as ATP hydrolase and phospholipid hydrolase, which require calcium ions. Calcium has the effect of neutralizing organic acids and soil acidity in plants; it has physiological disorders caused by excessive resistance to certain ions, and thus affects the absorption of various elements. If the calcium content in the culture substrate is too high, it will affect potassium and magnesium ions. The absorption also antagonizes the absorption of iron and manganese.
(2) The role of magnesium (Mg): Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll, which affects the synthesis of chlorophyll when magnesium is deficient, thus affecting light and action. Magnesium is an activator of various enzymes, affecting plant nucleic acid and protein synthesis and energy conversion.
(3) The role of sulfur (S): Sulfur is absorbed and utilized by plants in the form of SO42-. SO2 in the atmosphere can also be directly absorbed and utilized as a sulfur source in the upper part of plants. Sulfur is involved in the formation of photo-amino acid, hemi-amino acid and methyl sulfide. A sulfur-containing amino acid such as a lysine is one of the constituent elements of a protein.
3. Trace elements:
(1) Effect of iron (Fe): Iron is absorbed and utilized in the form of Fe2+ or Fe3+, which is a component of heme, which is a number of important oxidoreductases in plants (such as cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidation). A prosthetic group such as a hydrogenase or a peroxidase). In the molecules of these enzymes, the reversible transformation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ states plays an important role in the electron transport of respiration. Some of the prosthetic groups of oxidoreductases (such as ferredoxin) are not heme. But it also contains iron, which is called non-heme iron. Although iron is not a component of chlorophyll, the synthesis of chlorophyll requires iron.
(2) Effect of boron (B): Boron in the soil is absorbed by plants in the form of BO32-. Boron can increase the activity of invertase, promote the transport of carbohydrates, and facilitate the transport of light and products from leaves to roots and stamens. Therefore, boron promotes root development. Boron has a significant effect on the development of flower organs, which is an important physiological function of boron. The effective amount of boron is very narrow, generally in the range of 0.06 to 2.8 ppm. In the production, the phenomenon of poisoning of large areas due to improper use of boron fertilizer has occurred. Therefore, caution should be taken when using boron fertilizer.
(3) The role of copper (Cu): Copper is a trace element necessary for flowers. Copper is a component of ascorbate oxidase and polyphenol oxidase, and functions as a transfer point in redox. The chloroplast contains a copper-containing protein called plastid phthalocyanine, which plays an important role in the electron transport system. Copper is also involved in the nitrite reduction process. Copper is mainly absorbed by plants in the form of Cu+ and Cu2+.
(4) The role of zinc (Zn): Zinc is directly involved in the synthesis of indole acetic acid, and the content of indole acetic acid in plants is decreased when zinc is deficient, resulting in a series of diseases. Zinc is also an activator for many enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and pyrimidine nucleotide dehydrogenase. Zinc is also involved in protein synthesis.
(5) Effect of Manganese (Mn): Manganese is mainly absorbed by plants in the form of Mn2+, which is an activator of many enzymes, including malate dehydrogenase in the Krebs cycle, oxalyl succinate dehydrogenase, and participation in fatty acid synthesis. Many enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. Manganese is also an activator of nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine reductase, and manganese is contained in the prosthetic group of indoleacetic acid oxidase. Manganese is also directly involved in light and action, and plays an important role in the photolysis of water and the release of oxygen. Manganese plays an important role in the maintenance of chlorophyll structure. In the case of extreme manganese deficiency, the chloroplast layer structure of plants is destroyed.
(6) Effect of chlorine: Chlorine is absorbed by plants in the form of Cl-. In plants, chlorine does not participate in the structure of any organic molecule. The main role of chlorine is to participate in the photolysis and release of water and the release of oxygen. Plants are chlorine-free crops, and care should be taken to prevent chlorine poisoning when using them. When the chlorine content is high, it can promote the production of ethylene in plants and accelerate the process of aging.
Second, the nutritional diagnosis of flowers The external morphological characteristics of flowers is a comprehensive reaction of internal factors and external environmental conditions. When the soil lacks or exceeds any necessary nutrients, it will cause the unique physiological symptoms of flowers, namely deficiency. According to this, the lack or excess of an element can be judged, so that corresponding measures can be taken. Generally, according to the growth and development of flowers, whether there are growth and developmental disorders, whether the shape is abnormal, whether there is dead or not, etc., whether the plant lacks certain nutrient elements, that is, nutritional diagnosis, the common nutritional diagnosis methods are as follows:
1. Morphological diagnosis: When the soil lacks any necessary nutrient elements, it will cause the flowers to have unique symptoms. According to this, it is possible to judge the lack or excess of certain elements, and accordingly adopt corresponding measures.
2, chemical diagnosis: by analyzing the chemical composition of the plant, compared with the chemical composition of normal plants, to diagnose the nutritional conditions of seedlings is called chemical diagnosis.
3, fertilization diagnosis: through the morphological diagnosis, chemical diagnosis and other methods to initially determine the lack of elements, supplement the application of these mineral fertilizers, after a period of time, if the symptoms disappear, you can determine the cause, this method is called fertilization diagnosis.
Third, the lack of flowers disease 1, nitrogen deficiency: flowers in the absence of nitrogen, growth is blocked, the growth of the amount of decline, the initial color becomes shallow, and then yellow off, generally no necrosis. The symptoms of green deficiency always start on the old leaves and develop on the new leaves. Branching is inhibited during nitrogen deficiency. In the absence of nitrogen, due to the accumulation of sugar in the tissue to promote the synthesis of anthocyanins, stems and petioles often turn purple.
2. Phosphorus deficiency: Phosphorus has a strong ability to move in plants and can be rapidly transferred from old leaves to young shoots and meristems. Therefore, the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency are first manifested on the old leaves. When the flower is deficient in phosphorus, the leaves are dark green. The accumulation of soluble sugar leads to the formation of anthocyanins due to the accumulation of phosphorus, and the stems and veins become purple. Necrotic areas may also occur in various parts of the plant during severe phosphorus deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency also inhibits flower growth, but it is not as severe as nitrogen deficiency. However, the growth inhibition of roots is more than nitrogen deficiency.
3. Potassium deficiency: Potassium has a high degree of mobility in plants. When plants are deficient in potassium, they first appear on old leaves. In the absence of potassium, the leaves showed a mottled green area, and then a necrotic area was produced along the leaf edge and tip. The leaves were curled and finally blackened and burnt; the growth of the stem was weakened and the disease resistance was reduced.
4. Calcium deficiency: Because the mobility of calcium in plants is very poor, the symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants are first manifested in new leaves. The typical symptoms of calcium deficiency are necrosis of leaf tips and leaf margins of young leaves, followed by buds. Necrosis, the apex will also stop growing, discoloration and death.
5, lack of magnesium: the typical symptoms are lack of green between the veins, sometimes red, orange and other bright colors, severe small areas of necrosis. Since magnesium is easy to flow in plants, symptoms of magnesium deficiency usually occur on old leaves. Magnesium deficiency is also likely to occur when potassium is used in large quantities.
6. Sulphur deficiency: The symptoms of sulphur deficiency are similar to those of nitrogen deficiency, such as uniform chlorosis and yellowing of leaves, formation and accumulation of anthocyanins, and inhibition of growth. However, sulfur deficiency usually begins with young leaves and is less severe.
7, iron deficiency: the typical symptoms are lack of green. Iron does not move in plants, so iron deficiency first manifests in young leaves. The green deficiency of iron deficiency is characterized by yellowing between veins and leaves, and the veins remain green. Generally, there is no growth inhibition or necrosis. Plants are often deficient in iron in alkaline or calcareous calcareous soils because iron in the soil is in the form of insoluble iron oxide or iron hydroxide under alkaline conditions. Excessive magnesium in the soil also affects the absorption of iron. Although iron can be absorbed by plants in the state of Fe3+, it is necessary to reduce the physiologically active Fe2+ state in plants. Manganese is an oxidant, and when the ratio of manganese/iron is deregulated, iron will exist in the state of Fe3+ and lose physiological activity.
8. Zinc deficiency: The typical symptoms of zinc deficiency are inhibition of internode growth, severe leaf deformity, and inhibition of apical dominance, which may be caused by insufficient supply of auxin (IAA), as zinc and zinc are required for auxin synthesis. The lack of green leaves is also a common symptom of zinc deficiency. Symptoms of zinc deficiency are more likely to occur on neutral and alkaline soils. Zinc deficiency in the soil in many parts of China, and affecting crop yields, including plant yields, will be affected. At the same time, people in the region have long-term consumption of zinc-deficient foods, which also affect people's health. Zinc fertilizer is often encountered in the application of zinc fertilizer, zinc fertilizer is generally used as a root external dressing effect, can avoid zinc and phosphorus antagonism.
9. Boron deficiency: The typical symptoms of boron deficiency are thickening of leaves and darkening of leaves, death of meristems of shoots and roots, and development of roots and shoots caused by boron deficiency; the development of boron deficiency is slow, soil The effectiveness of boron in the medium is affected by calcium. The high content of calcium in the soil can reduce the absorption of boron. The reason may be that calcium causes the boron to recombine or precipitate in the soil, or reduce the absorption capacity of boron by the root system.
10. Manganese deficiency: The symptoms of manganese deficiency are leaf chlorosis, and small necrotic spots are formed on the leaves. Note that it is different from bacterial spot disease and brown spot disease. The symptoms of manganese deficiency are on young leaves and old leaves. Can happen. Generally, manganese is not deficient in acidic soil, but in soils with a pH greater than 6.5, manganese deficiency is often caused. In soils with high oxidization and alkaline soils, manganese and iron can be converted into inactive states, causing plants to be deficient in manganese. Plant yields are affected when the manganese content is too high or too low.
11. Copper deficiency: The symptoms of copper deficiency are leaf tip necrosis and leaf withered black, and the symptoms appear first on young leaves. When the soil is applied with an excessive amount of phosphate fertilizer, the copper becomes an insoluble precipitate and the effectiveness is lowered. The application of copper sulfate to the edible plant can increase the yield and improve the disease resistance.
12. Deficiency of molybdenum: The initial symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are green and necrosis between old veins, sometimes spotted necrosis. Molybdenum deficiency can also cause symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. It is easily absorbed by plants in soils with higher pH.
Fourth, the type of fertilizer 1, organic fertilizer: fertilizer containing a lot of organic matter called organic fertilizer, also known as farmyard manure. Organic fertilizer contains a large amount of humus and organic matter, which can provide various nutrients for plants; it can improve the effectiveness of poorly soluble sulfate in soil, reduce the fixation of soil to phosphorus, improve soil fertility and improve soil structure. Significance. Commonly used organic fertilizers are manure, livestock manure, poultry manure, bone meal, fish meal, manure, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer, peat, grass ash, fallen leaves, weeds, green manure, etc. Organic fertilizers are rich in organic matter, comprehensive in nutrients and long in fertilizer efficiency. It is worth noting that when using organic fertilizer, it should be fully decomposed. (1) The application of compost and manure from piles and manures is the use of plant residues, such as straw, leaves, weeds, plant wastes and other wastes as the main raw materials, adding human excrement or livestock excrement for accumulation and tanning. Made of. The composting of the compost is to create conditions for the microbial decomposition of the microorganisms, and the fermentation temperature is high. The manure is mostly tanning under water, mainly based on anaerobic decomposition, and the fermentation temperature is low. The C/N ratio required for general microbial fermentation is 25:1. The C/N ratio of different organic substances is different, and it is necessary to adjust with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer during fermentation.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio of 3 different organics:
Plant material and fertilizer type Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N)───
Wild grass 25~45:1
Dry straw 67:1
Wood and bark 480:1
苜蓿 and clover 20:1
Ziyun Ying 10～17.3:1
Sawdust 250:1
High temperature composting 9.67～10.67:1
General compost 16～20:1
Heap and manure contain complete fertilizers with high organic matter and various nutrients. The fertilizer is slow and long-lasting, and is generally used as a base fertilizer. Long-term application of heap and manure can play a role in improving soil. The amount of fertilizer and fertilizer used in the nursery is usually 750-1500Kg/mu. Nitrogen in compost is insufficient due to the consumption of microorganisms. It is best to apply compost after applying compost.
The proportion of various manure materials should be determined according to the use of the fertilizer. If it is topdressing in the same year, it requires fertilizer to be cooked quickly. 50kg of grass can be used, 10-15kg human excrement, 1~2kg lime, or 2.5-5kg grass ash can be added. For example, at the end of the year, the grass will be dried for 1 to 2 days, cut into 7 to 10 cm long sections, and the grass will be laid at the bottom of the pit, about 17 cm thick, and then the horse manure will be laid, and the water and human waste will be used. All drowned. When the fertilizer is fermented, add a layer of black soil when the manure becomes black and green, then add grass, horse manure and water. This layer is piled up to the ground, and finally water is poured to keep the pit surface 3 cm thick. In the autumn, the good fertilizer will be brought to the ground, and after turning over, it will be piled up into a pile of steamed buns. Composting is the result of microbial activity.
The external conditions affecting microbial activity include the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) of water, air, temperature, composting materials, and the pH of the environmental conditions in which the microorganisms are located. Compost can be decomposed as long as the conditions required for microbial activity are met.
It is necessary to soak the plant debris before absorbing it. Moisture is very important in the composting process. Generally, the water content is 60-70% of the dry material, which is beneficial to the life of the microorganisms in the pile and the softening of the organic materials, and can also promote the composting of the compost. Usually, the material is gripped by hand and the water droplets are extruded, that is, the moisture is moderate.
If the ventilation in the pile is good, the aerobic microbial activity is strong. It is conducive to microbial composting; when the ventilation condition is poor, the anaerobic microbial activity is strong, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, the effective nutrient release is less, and the compost maturity is long, but it is conducive to the formation and accumulation of humus. Therefore, the two can be combined; the pre-stacking is mainly aerobic, so that the compost quickly decomposes and releases nutrients, while the middle and late composts are in an air-non-circulating state to preserve the released nutrients and promote the accumulation of humus. The method is as follows: in the early stage of composting, the compost can be ventilated by setting up a ventilation tower, a ventilation ditch or a method of loosely accumulating. When the compost is decomposed, the compost will naturally collapse. Then, the sealant will be compacted and the ventilation tower and other facilities will be removed to reduce the air circulation.
During the composting process, the temperature in the heap changes with the decomposition of organic matter, and enters the high temperature from low temperature and medium temperature. The high temperature fiber decomposing bacteria requires a temperature of 50 to 60 ° C and is a good heat microorganism. When composting in winter, an appropriate amount of horse manure can be added to the composting material, and the heat generated by the high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria can be used to increase the composting temperature, or the surface of the mud can be used to reduce the heat and accelerate the composting of the compost. Microbial activity requires carbon as an energy source and nitrogen is required as a material for building cells.
Microbial activity and reproduction require a certain ratio (C/N) for carbon and nitrogen, typically less than 25:1. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio in composting is greater than 25:1, the microorganisms cannot multiply, the organic residues decompose slowly, and the microorganisms will absorb inorganic nitrogen from the external environment. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio of organic matter is less than 25:1, the microorganisms multiply rapidly and the organic residues decompose and decompose. In order to accelerate the activity of microorganisms and promote compost maturity, manure or other nitrogen fertilizer can be added to the compost to regulate the carbon to nitrogen ratio required by microorganisms.
During the composting process, the decomposition of organic matter will produce a large amount of organic acids, which will make the environment acidic and affect the life activities of microorganisms. Because the general microorganisms are suitable to live in a neutral or slightly acidic environment, alkaline substances such as lime or grass ash and calcareous soil should be appropriately added to the compost to adjust the pH value in the compost. It is divided into ordinary compost and high temperature compost. The former fermentation temperature is low, and the latter is subjected to high temperature fermentation.
First, common compost: suitable for areas or seasons with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Composting should choose a place where the terrain is flat and close to the water source. The stack is 2 meters wide and 1.5 to 2 meters high. The pile length depends on the material. Before stacking, tamping and leveling the ground, layering a layer of turf soil or peat to absorb the infiltrated fertilizer liquid, and then evenly spread the litter, weeds, garbage, etc., and pour the human and animal waste. And sewage, etc. Each layer is about 15~26cm thick and covered with a layer of fine soil or river mud to reduce water evaporation and ammonia volatilization. Stack for about 1 month, turn it over once, and add some water. It is hot and rainy in summer, composting for about 2 months, turning it once, and it takes 3 to 4 months to be decomposed in winter.
Second, high temperature composting: High temperature composting is a major method for the harmless treatment of organic substances. Human excrement, tree leaves, weeds, mixed plants, various straws, etc., after high temperature treatment, can eliminate the hidden bacteria, eggs and grass seeds. Conducive to environmental health and human and animal health. In order to accelerate the decomposition of weeds, leaves, etc., increase the temperature of the fertilizer. High-temperature compost must be added to horse manure, which uses the high-temperature heat-decomposing bacteria in horse manure to promote the decomposition of plant residues. If the high temperature compost adopts a half pit type, the decomposing is fast and sufficient, and the nutrient loss is small. The method is as follows: selecting a place with a high degree of dryness and close to the water source to make a fertilizer field. Digging holes in the ground, if the plant material is calculated according to 0.5 tons, the pit depth is 1 meter, and the excavated soil surrounds the pit and forms a circle of soil. The bottom of the pit is leveled, and a cross groove is dug. The depth and width of the groove are 20cm. Both ends of the groove are dug up along the edge, and the soil is directly excavated. The outer exit is flared. Two short branches are laid vertically and horizontally at the bottom of the pit, and a few straws or branches are used as a ventilation tower. Then lay the plant material and step on it, add a layer of fine soil, pour lime water, sprinkle a horse dung, and then pour human waste. Then lay the material again, so that it is piled up to about 30cm above the pit surface, covered with a layer of soil, about 3cm thick, so that the pile is in the shape of a skull. After 1 to 2 days, make it fully ventilated, and finally use river mud, pond mud and other caps.
The above two types of composting are the traditional methods of fertilizing fertilizer for crops. It is characterized by rich and comprehensive nutrients. High temperature compost has a bactericidal and insecticidal effect. The cultivated soil and humus soil commonly used in flower production are rich in production similar to compost. They also use plant materials such as fallen leaves and fallen flowers, and they are poured onto human dung to promote the decomposition of plant residues. The difference is that the humus soil should be added to a considerable amount of garden soil, and the decomposing time is long. There is no high-temperature fermentation process, and the insects cannot be sterilized. The bacteria and eggs are often lurked in the culture soil or the humus soil to infect the new plants. Virus or axillary pests.
(2) Application of mud fertilizer: The fertile mud in rivers, ponds, ditches and lakes is collectively referred to as mud fertilizer. It is composed of fine soil, dirt and litter brought by wind and rain, which are collected in the bottom of rivers, gullies, ponds and lakes, together with the excrement and remains of aquatic animals, and the remains of aquatic plants. .
These microorganisms decomposed gas too long NiFei material was formed. Different mud fertilizers have different fertilizer effects. If the surface dark green sludge, bad taste, there are many cellular loaded mud hole, see the plant stems and leaves traces therein, a high volume of less fertilizer; contrary, if the water clear, pale color dredged mud, compact structure, no Honeycomb holes are less effective.
NiFei is cool fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency and long term stability. In order to eliminate NiFei nutrients are rapidly transformed and reducing toxic substances due to anaerobic where the long-term flooding produced before its first fertilizer spreading, drying time, and then break administration. Nursery base fertilizer with a large amount NiFei administration, which can supply not only nutrients seedlings, thickening Topsoil also improve soil properties. The use of mud to prepare cultured soil for planting flowers is effective. First spread the mud fertilizer to the open field. After drying slightly, cut into a 1cm-sized mud block and pour in about 1/5 of the ash. Use this soil to plant white orchids, jasmine, etc., and leafy flowers. The nutrient content of several mud fertilizers is as follows:
The average organic matter (%) of the mud-mud mud of the project mud lake is 9.37, 4.46, 5.28, 2.45, 5.09 total nitrogen (N,%) 0.44, 0.40, 0.29, 0.20, 0.38 total phosphorus (P2O5,%) 0.49, 0.56, 0.36 , 0.16, 0.34 total potassium (K2O), %) 0.56, 1.83, 1.82, 1.00, 1.62 ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N, ppm) 100-1.25273203 nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N, ppm)—251.4611 available phosphorus (P , ppm) 30182.89757 available potassium (K, ppm) 5517.5245193.
(3) Peat and humic acid Fertilizer not only have strong adsorption capacity, but also the humate extracted from grass charcoal has a stimulating effect on plant growth. Therefore, the utilization of peat is multifaceted.
First, the gasket material used for livestock: animals with peat as a gasket, not only can absorb urine of livestock manure, but also to absorb the gas (ammonia, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) generated when livestock manure decomposition. It not only avoids fat loss, but also keeps the environment clean. The experiment proved that 1 ton of manure with a charcoal gasket.
Second, the production of grass charcoal sludge fertilizer: the former Soviet Union used two types of peat (high, low) mixed with sludge precipitated from municipal sewage (weight 1:1), and then added different parts of mineral fertilizer to make grass charcoal Mud fertilizer. The results show that the peat sludge mixed fertilizer is weak in acidity and rich in fusible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially suitable for turf cultivation.
Third, the production of grass charcoal fertilizer: the Soviet Union developed grass charcoal as the main component (100 parts) plus lime 0.2 ~ 0.3 parts, microbial medium 0.1 ~ 0.2 parts, nitrogen-fixing bacteria agent 0.05 ~ 0.1 parts, made of grass charcoal fertilizer, application Convenience.
Fourth, the production of grass paper: the use of decomposition of the difference between the grass carbon fiber and the binder to make a straw paper, which can also be added fertilizers and other chemical additives. Grass paper mixed with grass seeds can be laid on land around new buildings to form lawns and other ground coverings.
Fifth, composting: The Federal Republic of Germany combines peat, lignite powder, conifer bark, waste matrix of cultivated mushrooms, asbestos and soil, and the fertilizer produced by 7 to 14 days is suitable for planting garden ornamental plants.
Sixth, use grass charcoal for greenhouse soil: use fresh grass charcoal (high-grade charcoal) to add nutrients, can be used as greenhouse soil, and cultivate plants.
Seventh, the production of flower culture soil: Because of the strong adsorption capacity of grass charcoal, in recent years, many areas of foreign countries use grass charcoal to make flower nutrient soil.
Eighth, the preparation of grass charcoal nutrition é’µ: the use of moderately decomposed grass charcoal to make nutrients, easy to manage, transport, and carry.
In addition, according to the degree of looseness of the charcoal and the sediment content, a small amount of sludge can be added as a binder, or sawdust chips and sand can be added as a loosening agent. After the ingredients are thoroughly mixed, the charcoal nutrient solution is made by hand or mechanically. Due to the tightness of the grass charcoal, the roots of the flowers and seedlings planted in the grass charcoal nutrient are well grown.
When planting plants or other acidic flowers, add appropriate amount of ferrous sulfate to the nutrient solution to adjust the pH. Humic acid fertilizer Humic acid fertilizer is a variety of humates made from humus-rich peat brown coal and weathered coal as the main raw materials, alkali and acid precipitation.
The main humic acid fertilizers are: humic acid ammonium, nitro humic acid, humic acid nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer. Peat and other fertilizer formula: peat (semi-dry) 60-80% decomposed manure 10-20% superphosphate 0.1-0.4% ammonium sulfate 0.1-0.2% grass ash 1-2% with peat, urea, superphosphate, chlorine Potassium is used as raw material, dry pulverization, metering and mixing, granulation, screening and packaging, etc., and humic acid nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are produced in accordance with granular fertilizer. It is not only a nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also mixed with humic acid, is a long-acting slow compound fertilizer. Humic acid fertilizer The humic acid fertilizer produced in China has achieved good results in the production of early chrysanthemum, especially suitable for soil with higher salinization. The various kinds of ferment fertilizers developed in the past few years in China have also been tested and used. And through the Taoranting Park for two consecutive years with humic acid fertilizer on the early chrysanthemum test. Compared with the control, the early chrysanthemum with fermented fertilizer has a large number of roots and the leaves are obviously thicker and greenish. It has also been reported that the product of humic acid fertilizer, fulvic acid diamine, is better than ferrous sulfate in controlling yellowing.
2. Inorganic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers are also called chemical fertilizers. Compared with organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers have high nutrient content, simple ingredients, soluble in water, fast and short fertilizer effects, and acid-base reactions. Long-term use of chemical fertilizers will have adverse effects on soil compaction and salinization. According to the main nutrients it contains, fertilizers are often divided into:
(1) Nitrogen fertilizer: including ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, and the like.
(2) Phosphate fertilizer: There are superphosphate, phosphate rock and so on.
(3) Potassium fertilizer: potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, and the like.
(4) Compound fertilizer: There are three elements, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and the like.
(5) Trace element fertilizer (micro-fertilizer): There are copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, boron, iron and the like.
(6) Fungus: The growth and development of flowers such as rhizobium, phosphatase, and potassium bacteria require a large amount of nutrients, which are mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil. If the required nutrients are not replenished in time, it will affect growth and yield. Studies have shown that the yield per unit area is directly proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied, and only through fertilization can the nutrient needs of different flower growth stages be met.
V. Ways of fertilization 1. Base fertilizer: (Base fertilizer) is mainly based on organic fertilizer combined with slow-acting inorganic fertilizer, which is applied to the soil during land preparation. When using organic fertilizer, it must be fully decomposed, and can not use "raw manure". Because raw manure is heated by fermentation, it is easy to damage the roots of seedlings. At the same time, there are a large number of eggs and pests in the raw manure, which is easy to cause pests and diseases. Generally, organic fertilizer is mainly used, and the amount of use is 3,000 to 10,000 kg, and a certain amount of inorganic fertilizer is added. The application of organic fertilizers in sandy and sticky soils is particularly important.
2. Fertilizer: Spread the fertilizer near the seed when sowing. Generally, quick-acting phosphate fertilizer is used. The seed fertilizer not only provides nutrients to the seedlings, but also increases the germination rate of the field.
1 Seedlings are sensitive to phosphate fertilizer at seedling stage, and if there is phosphorus deficiency in seedling stage, it will seriously affect the growth of seedlings. Phosphorus is poor in mobility in the soil and is easily fixed. The applied seed fertilizer is close to the roots of the seedlings, which is beneficial to root absorption and growth.
2 base fertilizer and seed fertilizer are used together, layered fertilization, and seedlings can be layered and utilized.
3 Phosphate fertilizer granules have a small contact area with soil, which can reduce soil fixation and increase fertilizer efficiency by 25-100%.
4 Granular fertilizer has good physical properties, which is beneficial to seed germination and root and shoot growth of seedlings.
3. Topdressing: A fertilizer that is applied in order to replenish certain nutrients in the soil during the growth period of the plant. There are two types of soil topdressing and topdressing. The principle of top dressing is that the leaves of plants have pores, lenticels and water holes. Small substances can pass through, such as urea, and can be directly absorbed into the leaves.
1 soil topdressing: use quick-acting fertilizer, generally based on nitrogen fertilizer, in the later topdressing with phosphorus and potassium. Commonly used topdressing methods are: applicator, watering method, point casting method, ditch casting method, etc. Generally 3 to 5 times a year. The end period of top dressing should not be too late, especially in the late stage of nitrogen fertilizer, which tends to cause seedlings to grow and reduce cold resistance.
2 external top dressing: The quick-acting fertilizer is formulated into a dilute solution during the growth of the seedling, and the aerial part applied to the seedling is mainly on the blade. This method is mainly used for the poor absorption capacity of roots. When the soil conditions are not good, it should be used in time to supplement trace elements in seedlings. The general use frequency is 3 to 4 times. When the flower is produced in large area, the root top dressing is often used, because it has the following characteristics: the top dressing can reduce the soil fixation and leaching, and the replaced Fe3+ and Al3+ ions in the soil make the phosphorus fixed; the fertilizer outside the root is quick and can The nutrients required for the timely supply of seedlings are absorbed in about 20 to 30 minutes after spraying, and can be absorbed more than 50% in 24 hours, and can be absorbed in 2 to 5 days. Soil fertilization takes 7 to 10 days to be absorbed; it is beneficial to be absorbed and utilized by plants to save fertilizer, less fertilizer loss, and high utilization rate. For example, plant seedlings with 50ml of urea root dressing, better than soil fertilization 150ml, saving fertilizer 2 / 3; can supply nutrients in strict accordance with the needs of growth and development; can increase seedling yield and improve product quality.
4. Technical points of top dressing:
1 Fertilizer use concentration should be appropriate: general micro-fertilizer concentration is 0.1-0.2%; chemical fertilizer concentration 0.2-0.5% such as urea concentration is 0.5%; potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1-0.3%; superphosphate 1-5% (take supernatant) liquid). 0.1 to 0.5% of ferrous sulfate, 0.5 to 0.5% of ferrous sulfate during the growth period, can make the leaves dark green. According to Japanese research, the concentration of chemical fertilizer applied by plants is 25-60ppm nitrogen, 4-6ppm phosphorus, and 25-50ppm potassium. The nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped during the bud stage, and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for fertilization.
2 external top dressings should be carried out at low temperatures, high air humidity, and no wind in the morning or evening. Otherwise it won't work.
3 The spray should be even, the leaves and the back of the leaves should be sprayed, and the amount of liquid sprayed should not be allowed to flow down the solution on the leaves.
4 The concentration should be accurate. A blank test should be carried out before top dressing to accurately prepare the concentration of the fertilizer.
5 can be mixed with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, etc., to analyze the properties of fertilizers and other pesticides before mixing, and should not be mixed when the effect of mixing is reduced or precipitation occurs.
6 first mix the solution, filter out impurities and use. In order to increase the surface tension at the time of application, a surfactant such as a small amount of washing powder or the like may be added.
Sixth, formula fertilization and fertilization amount calculation Formula fertilization is based on the amount of fertilizer required for different periods of flower growth and development, and reasonable fertilization. The amount of fertilizer applied is generally based on the ability of the soil (or matrix) to supply fertilizer, and the lack of flowers.
The amount of flower fertilization is usually calculated according to the following formula: A=(B-C)/D
Where: A—application amount of an element (kg)
B—the amount of fertilizer required for a certain flower (kg)
C—the amount of fertilizer absorbed by the flower or soil (kg)
D—fertilizer utilization rate (%)
The utilization rate N of general flower inorganic fertilizer is 45-60%, generally calculated as 50%; P is 10-25%; K is 50%. The utilization rate of compost: N is 20-30%; P is 10-15%; K is 40-45%. The amount of fertilizer applied can be estimated based on the amount of nutrients in the flower body and the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
For example, the fresh weight of the plant is 100 g and 10% is dry weight. The contents of N, P and K are 4%, 0.5% and 2%, respectively, that is, 0.4 g, 0.05 g and 0.2 g each. Due to the fertilizer applied to the soil, part of it is lost due to irrigation, and the other part is fixed by the soil and remains in the soil. Therefore, the nutrients in the fertilizer cannot be completely absorbed by the plants. Assuming that the fertilizer utilization rate of the plants is 20%, 10%, and 20%, respectively, the three elements that should be applied to the soil are 2g, 0.5g, and 1g, respectively. These values ​​were converted into the corresponding chemical fertilizers, namely, 10 g of ammonium sulfate, 2.5 g of superphosphate, and 1.7 g of potassium sulfate.
These fertilizers can be applied in stages during fertility. The composition of various fertilizers in potting soil is suitably about 0.1 to 0.5 g per liter of soil. The amount of fertilizer applied per time varies with the number of fertilizations. The principle of “thin fertilizer and diligence†should be advocated, and it is forbidden to apply concentrated fertilizer. Because concentrated fertilizer will increase the osmotic pressure of soil solution, affecting the absorption of water by plants, and when the content of individual ions in soil solution is too high, ionic antagonism and reuse will occur, which hinders the absorption of required ions. Will cause the death of plants.
Seven, flower fertilization should pay attention to the following issues:
1. The base fertilizer and top dressing should be combined with the use of general organic fertilizers of 3000-~0000 kg, together with a certain amount of inorganic fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizers in sandy and sticky soils is particularly important.
2. N, P, and K are used together, generally based on P, N is 1-4 times of P, and K is 1/2-1 times of P. Nã€Pã€Kçš„æ¯”ä¾‹ï¼Œå› èŠ±å‰ç§ç±»çš„ä¸åŒè€Œå¼‚，一般N：P：Kï¼1-4：1- 3：0.5-1，一年生æ’ç§è‹—：枫æ¨è‹—为4：1：1；马尾æ¾ï¼š3：1：1；油æ¾ï¼š4：3：1；洋白蜡幼苗：3：1：1；观花æ¤ç‰©ï¼šN：P：K=4：3：2；观果æ¤ç‰©ï¼šN：P：K=2：4：3；观å¶æ¤ç‰©ï¼š2：1：1ï¼›çƒèŒŽç±»æ¤ç‰©ï¼šN：P：K=1：2：3；育苗肥NPK=9-45-15；通用型：NPK=15-15-15，如绣çƒï¼Œå¤©ç«ºè‘µç‰(PH=5-6)，34PPM，10天1次，而百åˆï¼Œç§‹æµ·æ£ (PH=5-6)，17PPM，7-10天1次，æœé¹ƒèŠ±åˆ™ç”¨NPK=15-45-5，PH5-6.éºé¦™çŸ³ç«¹ï¼Œæ¤ç‰©ï¼Œåœ¨å…‰ç…§ä¸è¶³æ—¶NPK：15-0-15兰花专用肥难N—P—K如下：30-10-10（冷æ‰çš®ä½œç›†åœŸï¼Œéœ€è¦Né‡å¤§ï¼‰18-18-18（通用型）10-30-20（促花肥）一般100-150PPM，æ¯å‘¨1次。
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Phenolic resin wear ring has excellent resistance to compression characteristics in excellent wear resistance under low overload operation, can prevent the piston and cylinder scratching, the eccentricity of the minimum, improve the durability of seals, can produce a variety of diameter and width of the products to meet the different requirements of the bore and groove size.
Wearing Support Guide Ring
WR Support Ring, Phenolic Wearing Ring, Nylon Wearing Ring, WR Support Guide Ring
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