Soil trace element availability and micro-fertilizer application technology
2018-08-11 04:02:24
First, the factors affecting the availability of trace elements in soil:
1. Soil pH: The acid and alkali conditions of soil directly affect the solubility and effectiveness of trace elements. Under acidic conditions, iron, manganese, zinc and copper have higher solubility and increase with the decrease of soil pH. Therefore, they are effective. Sexuality increases, and under high acid conditions, high levels may be toxic to some crops. When the pH of the soil increases, the above trace elements will gradually be converted into hydroxides or oxides, the solubility is lowered, and the effectiveness to plants is also reduced. The effectiveness of boron, molybdenum, etc. is also closely related to the soil pH. Boron is present in the soil solution in the form of H3BO3 under acidic conditions, and the immobilization occurs under alkaline conditions, and the effectiveness is reduced. Molybdenum and boron are opposite. Precipitation occurs under acidic conditions and the effectiveness is reduced.
2. Redox conditions of soil: The redox state of soil has great influence on the availability of iron and manganese, and the content of available iron and manganese in reducing conditions increases and the effectiveness increases.
3. Fixation: Cationic trace elements are adsorbed and fixed by cosmids, which may enter the interior of the crystal lattice and lose effectiveness. When the amount of phosphate fertilizer is large, zinc, iron, manganese, etc. in the soil react with phosphate to form various phosphate precipitates and are fixed. In addition, organic complexation can make trace elements lose their effectiveness; improper agricultural measures can cause "induced deficiency". In summary, the primary factor affecting the effectiveness of trace elements is soil pH.
Second, the application method of trace element fertilizer:
1. Soil application method: Trace element fertilizer can be applied to the soil as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer or top dressing. In order to save fertilizer and improve fertilizer efficiency, it is usually applied by means of a strip or a hole. The application of trace element fertilizers in soil has a certain aftereffect and can be applied every other year.
2. Plant fertilization method: Plant application fertilization method for quick-acting micro-element fertilizer. (1) Seed dressing: Dissolve the trace element fertilizer with a small amount of water, spray it on the seed, stir while spraying, so that the seed is stained with a layer of fertilizer solution, and dried after sowing. The amount of seed dressing is generally 1-6g per kg of seed and 40-60ml of water. (2) Soaking seeds: the concentration of trace element fertilizer soaking is 0.01%-0.1%, the soaking time is 12-24 hours, and the ratio of seed to solution is 1:1. (3) Roots: This method can be used when applying trace element fertilizers to rice and other transplanted crops. For fertilizers with a concentration of 0.1% to 1.0%, the roots should be free of substances that are harmful to the roots. (4) External spraying: External spraying is a cost-effective application method for the application of trace element fertilizers. The commonly used concentration is 0.02% - 0.1%. Both sides of the blade should be wetted by the solution as well. It is better to apply the foliar application of iron, zinc, boron, manganese and other trace element fertilizers to the soil. (5) Trunk injection method: When the fruit tree is fertilized by micro-element fertilizer, the soil application of some trace element fertilizer is easy to be fixed by the soil, and the foliar spray is easy to be oxidized, which is not conducive to absorption. For example, iron fertilizer can be used for trunk injection. The concentration of ferrous sulfate is generally 0.2%-0.5% or a hole is made in the trunk. Each tree is stuffed into the hole with 1-2 g of ferrous sulfate, and the effect is very good.
Third, the application of trace element fertilizers should pay attention to the application of trace element fertilizer has its particularity, if not applied properly, not only can not increase production, and even the crop will be seriously harmed. In order to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce hazards, the following matters should be noted when applying:
1. Control the concentration of fertilizer, and strive to apply uniformity: the amount of trace elements required by crops is very small, and the concentration range of many trace elements from lack to moderate is very narrow. Therefore, the application of trace element fertilizers should be strictly controlled to prevent excessive concentration. Application must be uniform. It is also possible to mix the trace element fertilizer into an organic fertilizer.
2. Application to the condition of trace elements in soil: different soil types, different soil fertility and content of different traces of soil, the effect of applying trace element fertilizer is not the same. Generally speaking, in the calcareous soil in the north, the iron, zinc, manganese and boron in the soil are low in effectiveness and are prone to lack. However, the availability of molybdenum in the acid soil in the south is low, so the application of micro-fertilizer should be rationally applied to the condition of trace elements in the soil.
3. Pay attention to the reflection of various crops on trace elements. Selection: Different crops have different reflections on different trace elements, different sensitivity levels, different requirements, and significant differences in application effects. For example, the cultivated fruit trees in the north are sensitive to iron, zinc and boron. The effect of applying zinc fertilizer on corn is better. The rapeseed and cotton are sensitive to boron. The grass crops are sensitive to manganese. The legumes are sensitive to molybdenum and boron. Therefore, it is necessary to target different crops. The sensitivity and fertilizer efficiency of different trace elements are reasonably selected and applied.
4. Pay attention to improving the soil environment: insufficient supply of trace elements in soil is often due to the influence of soil environmental conditions. The acidity and alkalinity of soil are the primary factors affecting the effectiveness of trace elements. Other factors include soil texture, soil moisture, and soil redox status. In order to completely solve the problem of trace element deficiency, while supplementing trace element nutrients, pay attention to improving soil environmental conditions, such as applying organic fertilizer in acid soil or applying appropriate amount of lime to adjust soil acidity and alkalinity, and improve soil micronutrient nutrition.
5. Pay attention to the application with a large number of elemental fertilizers and organic fertilizers: Only when the crops meet the needs of a large amount of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the trace element fertilizers can show obvious yield increase effects. Organic fertilizers contain a variety of trace elements, and organic fertilizers can be used as an important nutrient supply source for maintaining soil micro-element fertility.
1. Soil pH: The acid and alkali conditions of soil directly affect the solubility and effectiveness of trace elements. Under acidic conditions, iron, manganese, zinc and copper have higher solubility and increase with the decrease of soil pH. Therefore, they are effective. Sexuality increases, and under high acid conditions, high levels may be toxic to some crops. When the pH of the soil increases, the above trace elements will gradually be converted into hydroxides or oxides, the solubility is lowered, and the effectiveness to plants is also reduced. The effectiveness of boron, molybdenum, etc. is also closely related to the soil pH. Boron is present in the soil solution in the form of H3BO3 under acidic conditions, and the immobilization occurs under alkaline conditions, and the effectiveness is reduced. Molybdenum and boron are opposite. Precipitation occurs under acidic conditions and the effectiveness is reduced.
2. Redox conditions of soil: The redox state of soil has great influence on the availability of iron and manganese, and the content of available iron and manganese in reducing conditions increases and the effectiveness increases.
3. Fixation: Cationic trace elements are adsorbed and fixed by cosmids, which may enter the interior of the crystal lattice and lose effectiveness. When the amount of phosphate fertilizer is large, zinc, iron, manganese, etc. in the soil react with phosphate to form various phosphate precipitates and are fixed. In addition, organic complexation can make trace elements lose their effectiveness; improper agricultural measures can cause "induced deficiency". In summary, the primary factor affecting the effectiveness of trace elements is soil pH.
Second, the application method of trace element fertilizer:
1. Soil application method: Trace element fertilizer can be applied to the soil as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer or top dressing. In order to save fertilizer and improve fertilizer efficiency, it is usually applied by means of a strip or a hole. The application of trace element fertilizers in soil has a certain aftereffect and can be applied every other year.
2. Plant fertilization method: Plant application fertilization method for quick-acting micro-element fertilizer. (1) Seed dressing: Dissolve the trace element fertilizer with a small amount of water, spray it on the seed, stir while spraying, so that the seed is stained with a layer of fertilizer solution, and dried after sowing. The amount of seed dressing is generally 1-6g per kg of seed and 40-60ml of water. (2) Soaking seeds: the concentration of trace element fertilizer soaking is 0.01%-0.1%, the soaking time is 12-24 hours, and the ratio of seed to solution is 1:1. (3) Roots: This method can be used when applying trace element fertilizers to rice and other transplanted crops. For fertilizers with a concentration of 0.1% to 1.0%, the roots should be free of substances that are harmful to the roots. (4) External spraying: External spraying is a cost-effective application method for the application of trace element fertilizers. The commonly used concentration is 0.02% - 0.1%. Both sides of the blade should be wetted by the solution as well. It is better to apply the foliar application of iron, zinc, boron, manganese and other trace element fertilizers to the soil. (5) Trunk injection method: When the fruit tree is fertilized by micro-element fertilizer, the soil application of some trace element fertilizer is easy to be fixed by the soil, and the foliar spray is easy to be oxidized, which is not conducive to absorption. For example, iron fertilizer can be used for trunk injection. The concentration of ferrous sulfate is generally 0.2%-0.5% or a hole is made in the trunk. Each tree is stuffed into the hole with 1-2 g of ferrous sulfate, and the effect is very good.
Third, the application of trace element fertilizers should pay attention to the application of trace element fertilizer has its particularity, if not applied properly, not only can not increase production, and even the crop will be seriously harmed. In order to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce hazards, the following matters should be noted when applying:
1. Control the concentration of fertilizer, and strive to apply uniformity: the amount of trace elements required by crops is very small, and the concentration range of many trace elements from lack to moderate is very narrow. Therefore, the application of trace element fertilizers should be strictly controlled to prevent excessive concentration. Application must be uniform. It is also possible to mix the trace element fertilizer into an organic fertilizer.
2. Application to the condition of trace elements in soil: different soil types, different soil fertility and content of different traces of soil, the effect of applying trace element fertilizer is not the same. Generally speaking, in the calcareous soil in the north, the iron, zinc, manganese and boron in the soil are low in effectiveness and are prone to lack. However, the availability of molybdenum in the acid soil in the south is low, so the application of micro-fertilizer should be rationally applied to the condition of trace elements in the soil.
3. Pay attention to the reflection of various crops on trace elements. Selection: Different crops have different reflections on different trace elements, different sensitivity levels, different requirements, and significant differences in application effects. For example, the cultivated fruit trees in the north are sensitive to iron, zinc and boron. The effect of applying zinc fertilizer on corn is better. The rapeseed and cotton are sensitive to boron. The grass crops are sensitive to manganese. The legumes are sensitive to molybdenum and boron. Therefore, it is necessary to target different crops. The sensitivity and fertilizer efficiency of different trace elements are reasonably selected and applied.
4. Pay attention to improving the soil environment: insufficient supply of trace elements in soil is often due to the influence of soil environmental conditions. The acidity and alkalinity of soil are the primary factors affecting the effectiveness of trace elements. Other factors include soil texture, soil moisture, and soil redox status. In order to completely solve the problem of trace element deficiency, while supplementing trace element nutrients, pay attention to improving soil environmental conditions, such as applying organic fertilizer in acid soil or applying appropriate amount of lime to adjust soil acidity and alkalinity, and improve soil micronutrient nutrition.
5. Pay attention to the application with a large number of elemental fertilizers and organic fertilizers: Only when the crops meet the needs of a large amount of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the trace element fertilizers can show obvious yield increase effects. Organic fertilizers contain a variety of trace elements, and organic fertilizers can be used as an important nutrient supply source for maintaining soil micro-element fertility.
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