China should give priority to the development of slow-release fertilizers
2018-08-09 22:01:57
In order to improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, reduce the pollution of fertilizers to the environment caused by improper fertilization, and facilitate the fertilization of farmers, from the early 20th century, people put forward the idea of ​​slow-release fertilizers. The so-called slow-release fertilizers refer to the release rate of nutrients much less than that of instant fertilizers. Release rate of fertilizer. Controlled-release fertilizer refers to a slow-release fertilizer that can slow down or promote the release of nutrients according to the fertilizer characteristics of crops, so that it can be slowed, promoted, and adjusted in two directions, so that its nutrient release law matches the characteristics of crop nutrient requirements. The advanced stage of fertilizer. Most scholars at home and abroad often use these two concepts at the same time, or directly called slow/controlled release fertilizers. The slow/controlled release fertilizer has the advantages of high fertilizer utilization rate, environmental friendliness, reduced fertilization times, and large-scale fertilization at one time. In recent years, it has developed rapidly in various types of fertilizers.
Types of slow/controlled release fertilizers and their development trends
At present, there are three types of slow/controlled release fertilizers appearing in the international fertilizer market:
The first is organic synthesis of slightly soluble slow release nitrogen fertilizer. A type of slow-release or long-acting fertilizer that was researched and produced as early as the 1940s, including aldolures, oxalic acid amides, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), and butene diurea (CDU). Common organic nitrogen fertilizers. The nutrient release of this type of fertilizer is slow, which can effectively improve the fertilizer utilization rate. The release rate of nutrients is affected by various factors such as soil moisture, pH, and microorganisms. The possibility of artificial regulation is small, and the price of the commodity is also high. The market is developing at a slow rate, and the demand for such fertilizers has declined in the world in the past decade.
The second is the envelope (package) slow / controlled release fertilizer. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) is the earliest inorganic-coated slow-release fertilizer, which is characterized by fertilizer and fertilizer. The development of this type of fertilizer reached its peak in the 1980s and has now entered a stage of slow development.
Polymer-coated slow/controlled release fertilizer: In 1967, California developed the polymer-coated fertilizer. In the same period, the development of polyolefin-coated urea was also carried out in Japan. The membrane of high molecular polymer coated fertilizer has good wear resistance and good sustained release performance. The nutrient release of fertilizer after inoculation is mainly affected by temperature, and other factors have less influence, which can realize one-time fertilization (contact fertilization) during crop growth period. , significantly reducing the amount of agricultural labor and increasing productivity. In recent years, it has developed rapidly in similar products and is the mainstream direction of international slow/controlled release fertilizer development.
The third is cemented organic-inorganic slow-release fertilizer. Using a variety of organic and inorganic binders with a slowing rate of nutrient release, combined with quick-acting fertilizers through different chemical bond forces, the release rate is different from that of a slow-acting type of fertilizer. The materials and processes of cemented slow-release fertilizers have been studied at home and abroad, but they have not been promoted and applied.
Development and use of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China
As early as in the 1970s, under the auspices of Academician Li Qingxi, the coated long-acting ammonium bicarbonate, jointly researched and developed by the Nanjing Institute of Soil Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Nanjing Institute of Chemical Industry, pioneered the development of slow-release fertilizers in China, but did not form a scale. Production. After the 1990s, the development of slow/controlled release fertilizers was gradually strengthened, and individual units established pilot plants. In the 21st century, the development of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China has entered a period of rapid development. By 2002, the number of patents applied for slow/controlled release fertilizers in China had reached 30, and it had begun to take shape. However, there are still no well-known domestic brands, and only a few products are still in the early stages of market development.
Problems in the study of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China
Although there are many units and scientific and technical personnel engaged in the research of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China, there are many patents and appraisal results applied for, but the level of technology is still not high, and the technical problems have not yet been fully broken. Only individual units have achieved small In mass production, most technologies have not entered the industrialization stage. The problem is mainly the following aspects. Slow release material innovation lags behind. From the perspective of invention patents in China, slow/controlled release materials with good sustained release properties mainly imitate foreign materials. For example, polyethylene membrane materials are the main coating materials of MEISTER in Japan, and some inert substances such as clay are also used in China. Minerals, silicates, strontium-soluble phosphate fertilizers, etc. are coated on the surface of fertilizer granules to produce slow-release fertilizers. Since these raw materials are difficult to form a good sustained release film and have high variability, the produced fertilizer has a short release period. Compared with the international, China's material innovation is obviously lagging behind.
Research on key equipment and process packages is weak and it is difficult to form an industrialization. There is no complete production line for the production of synthetic organic nitrogen slow release fertilizers in China. The slow/controlled release performance of the coated fertilizer production equipment mainly uses the industrial spouted fluidized bed to improve the equipment, but does not effectively solve the equipment's airtightness and continuous production problems. Due to the inconsistent and imperfect production process, the slow/controlled release materials are lagging behind, and the variability of the slow/controlled release materials used is high, resulting in unstable product performance.
The research of the evaluation system lags behind. Some domestic slow/controlled fertilizer development units are still in the initial stage, mainly devoted to the product development process. The research on agricultural evaluation and environmental evaluation of products lags behind the pace of product development and lacks systematic research.
The test method is not standardized and the quality standard is blank. At present, there is no relatively uniform method for determining the release parameters of fertilizer nutrients in China. Different units often use different methods for determining the release period according to their own conditions, which makes it difficult to compare the nutrient release parameters measured by different methods. There is no unified standard in China to regulate the market, causing counterfeit and inferior products to run rampant, disrupting the market, and pit farming and agricultural disasters have occurred.
The cost of fertilizer is relatively high. This is a worldwide problem. Compared with similar foreign products, the absolute cost of slow/controlled release fertilizer products developed in China is not high, but the traditional agricultural benefits are low, and high prices are still restricting the promotion and use of slow/controlled release fertilizers. The main reason, how to overcome the obstacles of high cost, is the key to achieving large-scale production, and is a common problem faced by science and technology workers who are committed to slow/controlled release fertilizer.
Countermeasures and Suggestions for the Development of Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers in China
In view of the current research and development status in China, in order to accelerate the industrialization of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China and improve the competitiveness of products, the following countermeasures and suggestions are proposed:
Priority is given to the development of slow/controlled release nitrogen fertilizers. From the perspective of cumulative utilization rate, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is the lowest. About 15 million tons of nitrogen is lost every year in China, and its direct economic loss is about 30 billion yuan, causing environmental pollution. The primary factor threatening the safe production of agricultural products is not. Reasonable nitrogen application, while the impact of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is small. Therefore, China should give priority to the development of slow / controlled release nitrogen fertilizer.
Establish industry or national standards and matching test methods. Due to the lack of industry standards, many inferior products have flooded the market, affecting the reputation of the slow/controlled release industry. Establishing a set of good industry standards or national standards can not only regulate the market, promote the technological progress of enterprises, but also guide the research direction of scientific research units and reduce unnecessary waste. China has a good research foundation, and the slow/controlled release fertilizer market also has certain development. It has the conditions for setting industry standards (or national standards) and supporting test methods. It is recommended that relevant state departments and research units implement the mitigation as soon as possible. / Development of controlled release fertilizer standards.
Increase scientific research efforts. Focus on the processing equipment for slow/controlled release fertilizers. Equipment and process lag is the bottleneck restricting domestic coated fertilizer. At present, China's largest coating equipment has an annual production capacity of only 400-500 kg. At present, we should focus on tackling the problems of expanding production scale, process stability, increasing solvent recovery rate and continuous production.
Accelerate the innovation of slow release materials. China is obviously lagging behind the United States, Japan and other countries in material innovation. At present, it is important to select or develop materials with excellent sustained release properties and low prices.
Screening or development of low cost, non-toxic or low toxic solvents. At present, some slow-release fertilizers use slow-release controlled release fertilizers using organic solvents to dissolve slow-release materials. Organic dissolution is often flammable and toxic, threatening safe production, and the loss of dissolution is an important part of the cost, even exceeding the material. cost. Therefore, it is recommended to accelerate the development of low-toxic, low-cost solvents, and boldly explore and develop a solvent-free or water-based technology route.
Multi-channel financing promotes the transformation of results and accelerates the pace of industrialization. First, absorb the participation of enterprises or transfer technology to enterprises, and use the funds and operating mechanism of enterprises to promote productization and marketization. Secondly, it is recommended that the government increase investment and foster the development of slow/controlled release fertilizer enterprises.
Types of slow/controlled release fertilizers and their development trends
At present, there are three types of slow/controlled release fertilizers appearing in the international fertilizer market:
The first is organic synthesis of slightly soluble slow release nitrogen fertilizer. A type of slow-release or long-acting fertilizer that was researched and produced as early as the 1940s, including aldolures, oxalic acid amides, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), and butene diurea (CDU). Common organic nitrogen fertilizers. The nutrient release of this type of fertilizer is slow, which can effectively improve the fertilizer utilization rate. The release rate of nutrients is affected by various factors such as soil moisture, pH, and microorganisms. The possibility of artificial regulation is small, and the price of the commodity is also high. The market is developing at a slow rate, and the demand for such fertilizers has declined in the world in the past decade.
The second is the envelope (package) slow / controlled release fertilizer. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) is the earliest inorganic-coated slow-release fertilizer, which is characterized by fertilizer and fertilizer. The development of this type of fertilizer reached its peak in the 1980s and has now entered a stage of slow development.
Polymer-coated slow/controlled release fertilizer: In 1967, California developed the polymer-coated fertilizer. In the same period, the development of polyolefin-coated urea was also carried out in Japan. The membrane of high molecular polymer coated fertilizer has good wear resistance and good sustained release performance. The nutrient release of fertilizer after inoculation is mainly affected by temperature, and other factors have less influence, which can realize one-time fertilization (contact fertilization) during crop growth period. , significantly reducing the amount of agricultural labor and increasing productivity. In recent years, it has developed rapidly in similar products and is the mainstream direction of international slow/controlled release fertilizer development.
The third is cemented organic-inorganic slow-release fertilizer. Using a variety of organic and inorganic binders with a slowing rate of nutrient release, combined with quick-acting fertilizers through different chemical bond forces, the release rate is different from that of a slow-acting type of fertilizer. The materials and processes of cemented slow-release fertilizers have been studied at home and abroad, but they have not been promoted and applied.
Development and use of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China
As early as in the 1970s, under the auspices of Academician Li Qingxi, the coated long-acting ammonium bicarbonate, jointly researched and developed by the Nanjing Institute of Soil Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Nanjing Institute of Chemical Industry, pioneered the development of slow-release fertilizers in China, but did not form a scale. Production. After the 1990s, the development of slow/controlled release fertilizers was gradually strengthened, and individual units established pilot plants. In the 21st century, the development of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China has entered a period of rapid development. By 2002, the number of patents applied for slow/controlled release fertilizers in China had reached 30, and it had begun to take shape. However, there are still no well-known domestic brands, and only a few products are still in the early stages of market development.
Problems in the study of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China
Although there are many units and scientific and technical personnel engaged in the research of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China, there are many patents and appraisal results applied for, but the level of technology is still not high, and the technical problems have not yet been fully broken. Only individual units have achieved small In mass production, most technologies have not entered the industrialization stage. The problem is mainly the following aspects. Slow release material innovation lags behind. From the perspective of invention patents in China, slow/controlled release materials with good sustained release properties mainly imitate foreign materials. For example, polyethylene membrane materials are the main coating materials of MEISTER in Japan, and some inert substances such as clay are also used in China. Minerals, silicates, strontium-soluble phosphate fertilizers, etc. are coated on the surface of fertilizer granules to produce slow-release fertilizers. Since these raw materials are difficult to form a good sustained release film and have high variability, the produced fertilizer has a short release period. Compared with the international, China's material innovation is obviously lagging behind.
Research on key equipment and process packages is weak and it is difficult to form an industrialization. There is no complete production line for the production of synthetic organic nitrogen slow release fertilizers in China. The slow/controlled release performance of the coated fertilizer production equipment mainly uses the industrial spouted fluidized bed to improve the equipment, but does not effectively solve the equipment's airtightness and continuous production problems. Due to the inconsistent and imperfect production process, the slow/controlled release materials are lagging behind, and the variability of the slow/controlled release materials used is high, resulting in unstable product performance.
The research of the evaluation system lags behind. Some domestic slow/controlled fertilizer development units are still in the initial stage, mainly devoted to the product development process. The research on agricultural evaluation and environmental evaluation of products lags behind the pace of product development and lacks systematic research.
The test method is not standardized and the quality standard is blank. At present, there is no relatively uniform method for determining the release parameters of fertilizer nutrients in China. Different units often use different methods for determining the release period according to their own conditions, which makes it difficult to compare the nutrient release parameters measured by different methods. There is no unified standard in China to regulate the market, causing counterfeit and inferior products to run rampant, disrupting the market, and pit farming and agricultural disasters have occurred.
The cost of fertilizer is relatively high. This is a worldwide problem. Compared with similar foreign products, the absolute cost of slow/controlled release fertilizer products developed in China is not high, but the traditional agricultural benefits are low, and high prices are still restricting the promotion and use of slow/controlled release fertilizers. The main reason, how to overcome the obstacles of high cost, is the key to achieving large-scale production, and is a common problem faced by science and technology workers who are committed to slow/controlled release fertilizer.
Countermeasures and Suggestions for the Development of Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers in China
In view of the current research and development status in China, in order to accelerate the industrialization of slow/controlled release fertilizers in China and improve the competitiveness of products, the following countermeasures and suggestions are proposed:
Priority is given to the development of slow/controlled release nitrogen fertilizers. From the perspective of cumulative utilization rate, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is the lowest. About 15 million tons of nitrogen is lost every year in China, and its direct economic loss is about 30 billion yuan, causing environmental pollution. The primary factor threatening the safe production of agricultural products is not. Reasonable nitrogen application, while the impact of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is small. Therefore, China should give priority to the development of slow / controlled release nitrogen fertilizer.
Establish industry or national standards and matching test methods. Due to the lack of industry standards, many inferior products have flooded the market, affecting the reputation of the slow/controlled release industry. Establishing a set of good industry standards or national standards can not only regulate the market, promote the technological progress of enterprises, but also guide the research direction of scientific research units and reduce unnecessary waste. China has a good research foundation, and the slow/controlled release fertilizer market also has certain development. It has the conditions for setting industry standards (or national standards) and supporting test methods. It is recommended that relevant state departments and research units implement the mitigation as soon as possible. / Development of controlled release fertilizer standards.
Increase scientific research efforts. Focus on the processing equipment for slow/controlled release fertilizers. Equipment and process lag is the bottleneck restricting domestic coated fertilizer. At present, China's largest coating equipment has an annual production capacity of only 400-500 kg. At present, we should focus on tackling the problems of expanding production scale, process stability, increasing solvent recovery rate and continuous production.
Accelerate the innovation of slow release materials. China is obviously lagging behind the United States, Japan and other countries in material innovation. At present, it is important to select or develop materials with excellent sustained release properties and low prices.
Screening or development of low cost, non-toxic or low toxic solvents. At present, some slow-release fertilizers use slow-release controlled release fertilizers using organic solvents to dissolve slow-release materials. Organic dissolution is often flammable and toxic, threatening safe production, and the loss of dissolution is an important part of the cost, even exceeding the material. cost. Therefore, it is recommended to accelerate the development of low-toxic, low-cost solvents, and boldly explore and develop a solvent-free or water-based technology route.
Multi-channel financing promotes the transformation of results and accelerates the pace of industrialization. First, absorb the participation of enterprises or transfer technology to enterprises, and use the funds and operating mechanism of enterprises to promote productization and marketization. Secondly, it is recommended that the government increase investment and foster the development of slow/controlled release fertilizer enterprises.
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