Solar thermal power generation has been lower than the cost of photovoltaic power generation - solar cooling, heat, electricity

Foreword

Solar energy is the most environmentally friendly source of clean energy. It is an inexhaustible source of renewable energy. It has a wide range of distribution. There is solar energy anywhere on the surface of the Earth, but there is some difference in strength. The energy of solar radiation for a day can be consumed by human beings for a year. The universal application of solar energy can completely solve several major world problems, such as energy saving, environmental protection, and global warming. The state has paid great attention to the application of solar energy, especially the support for photovoltaic power generation. The subsidies for photovoltaic power generation countries have accumulated hundreds of billions of dollars. China's photovoltaic industry has become the most advanced country in the world under the state's key support. However, the energy industry is a huge industry and it is a large industry of several tens of trillions. It is not feasible to completely tell the government's subsidies to develop. The current on-grid tariff is 0.42 yuan KW.H, while the government subsidy to 1 yuan KW.H, according to the price of the grid acquisition subsidies is calculated as 138%, according to the price ratio of up to 58%. The subsidy for CSP is even higher. The current case subsidy price is 1.2 yuan KW.H, and the subsidy amount is calculated as the grid purchase price of 186%, which is 65% based on the price. Such a high subsidy is undoubtedly impossible to develop in large numbers, and the country does not have such a large capacity to subsidize it.

Solar energy has not been fully developed under such a huge subsidy because the energy density of solar energy is low, and the photoelectric conversion rate is very low, resulting in high costs. To solve this problem, we must start from several aspects.

First, increase the use of solar energy in many aspects, create income in many ways, and achieve the purpose of efficient use of solar energy.

Second, to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic silicon is currently about 18%, reverse conversion into AC power and its consumption is about 15%. More than 80% of the solar energy is lost. It has not been used. 80% is a huge number. Increasing photovoltaic efficiency is the primary means of directly reducing costs. In the solar thermal power generation, since it is difficult to generate high temperature due to solar energy, and it is difficult to operate with high power due to low optical density, a high-efficiency steam turbine cannot be used, resulting in low power generation efficiency. Especially in the low temperature range below 300°C, the thermal efficiency of a small organic Rankine engine is only about 15%, and that of a medium-sized steam turbine is only about 20%. Less than one-third of the theoretical efficiency (Carnot Cycle), it is extremely important and feasible to increase the thermal efficiency of low-temperature engines.

Third, from the cost of components, try to reduce costs.

This project is to achieve efficient use of solar energy from the above aspects, because we have invented a new type of low-temperature engine, which can not only improve the thermal efficiency of the engine by more than 70% than that of the current engine, but at working temperatures below 300°C. What's more important is that its exhaust gas exhaust temperature is above 100°C. It can be used for cooling and heating with waste heat to realize triple supply of cold, hot and electricity. What's more interesting is that the cold air produced by it is superfluous in the winter. It is used to build snow-capped mountains parks for people to enjoy, watch and exercise, and to recycle waste. Therefore, it has a variety of fees and charges. In the part cost, we use water as the heat storage medium, which greatly reduces the cost of the heat storage system. In the power generation efficiency, the thermal efficiency of the engine at a low temperature is greatly improved and the power generation revenue is also greatly increased. The overall income has increased exponentially, so that solar power can be developed without relying on state subsidies.

The greater advantage lies in the fact that it can distribute solar energy, geothermal heat, and hot spring power generation in the city. As a result, solar energy, geothermal energy, and hot spring power generation can be applied in all parts of the world. If it is widely used, electricity in a large part of the country can be used. To solve the problem, the UHV grid can be completely eliminated.

In order to clearly compare photovoltaic power generation, current solar thermal power generation, solar thermal power generation using our engines, geothermal power, hot spring power generation, solar thermal heat and power triple supply for this project, and Snow Mountain Park, we have They are compared to facilitate the understanding of the value of this project.

In ancient China, there were four major inventions. In the modern times, Yuan Longping’s hybrid rice solved the problem of human consumption and made great contributions to all mankind. This project can apply solar energy and geothermal power anywhere, completely replace fossil-type pollution energy, completely solve energy, environmental protection, and global warming issues. Solving energy and environmental issues solves the problem of human survival. If Yuan Longping's hybrid rice solves the problem of human satiety and is China's fifth largest invention, our engine has solved the problem of human survival. That is China's sixth largest invention.

Chapter I, Project Overview

1.1 Project Overview

1.1.1, Project Name

"Solar cold, heat, electricity triple and Snow Mountain Park"

1.1.2 Project Implementation Unit

Yuneng Power Co., Ltd.:

1.1.1, Project Name

"Solar cold, heat, electricity triple and Snow Mountain Park"

1.1.2 Project Implementation Unit

Yuneng Electric Power Co., Ltd.: Yuneng Electric Power Co., Ltd. is a company that is currently under construction. It is currently selecting a site where the first solar thermal, thermal, and electricity triple or medium-sized solar thermal power generation projects will be constructed. The company’s address will be set there. . The company's concentrator plant, engine plant, refrigerator plant is also built here.

The company plans to invest RMB 200 million yuan, with solar concentrator production capacity, low-temperature engine production capacity and residual heat refrigerator production capacity.

Yuneng Electric Power Co., Ltd. is committed to taking the road of science and technology and scientific management, and building solar thermal, thermal, and electricity triple supply and snow mountain parks and geothermal, hot spring power station and equipment research and development, production. The company adhering to the "integrity, gratitude, innovation, refinement," the spirit of enterprise, always adhere to energy conservation, environmental protection, energy conservation, emission reduction, social services, corporate social responsibility, companies in the pursuit of common development of individuals and businesses, while continuing to return to the public, Grateful for the benefit of society.

1.1.3 Project Leader

Lei Yanzhang

1.2 Project Introduction

Cold, hot, electric triple supply and snow-capped mountains park refer to the use of thermal energy to generate electricity first, and use the waste heat generated by electricity generation for waste heat cooling and heating. The generated heat and cold energy are used for heating and cooling to realize cold, heat and electricity. For the triple supply, Snow Mountain Park refers to an amusement park built with snow and ice. Cold, hot and electric triple supply is an energy conservation and environmental protection project. It is a key scientific research project in the world, and Snow Mountain Park is a playground. It is a paradise built with artificial ice and snow. It is a project that consumes energy and is an energy saving project. Why is it bundled with cold, hot, and electric triples? In fact, man-made ice and snow are not specifically consumed to produce energy, but are provided by the by-products of the triple, cold and hot supply. It is because the cold air generated during the winter of this project is not used for building snow-capped mountains. It is actually Waste heat reuse.

All cooling is actually a thermal separation. In analogy, 1 kg of water at 25°C can be said to be a mixture of 0.5 kg of 0°C cold water and 0.5 kg of 50°C water, and the refrigeration equipment can have 1 kg. The water at 25°C is separated into 0.5kg 0°C cold water and 0.5kg 50°C hot water, and the total energy is constant. That is, the sum of 0.5kg 0°C cold water and 0.5kg 50°C hot water still equals 1kg. 25°C water energy. The existing civil air-conditioning is (such as all refrigeration equipment). It separates the indoor air into cold air and hot air. In the summer, the air-conditioning is discharged indoors, and the indoor air is refrigerated, while the hot air is outside. The winter is the opposite. The hot air is discharged indoors and the cold air is discharged outdoors. That is to say, regardless of the cooling or heating of the air-conditioner at any time, the air-conditioner and the air-heater are present at the same time. It is only when we are accustomed to the need of air-conditioning that it is called cooling, and when it is required to be hot, it is called heating.

The demand for cold and hot in real life is not equal, and it varies with the seasons. The amount of cold and heat separated by the refrigerator is the same, and it is produced at the same time. After all, some seasonal air-conditioning can not be used, such as the need for summer air-conditioning, heat is redundant, the winter needs is hot air heating, air-conditioning is redundant.

Snow Mountain Park in this project uses the winter heating, and the cold air generated at the same time can not be used. In the season of using less air, it uses cold, heat and electricity to provide extra snow and artificial snow and snow to build the Snow Mountain Park. Skating and skiing to exercise, and at the same time to create an ice show like Harbin, for visitors to play and exhibitions, play a role in waste recycling. In the summer, cooling is used for indoor cooling. At this time, Snow Mountain Park has stopped using cold, hot, and cold electricity to produce ice and snow.

1.3 Project Content and Scale

1.3.1 Content of the project

Early period

1. Provide power to the power company;

2. Provide air, hot gas and hot water to units, enterprises and all people in cities, counties and towns, and adjust humidity to achieve summer cooling, winter heating, long-term hot water, and indoor spring seasons. Constant temperature and humidity purposes. The elimination of Freon air-conditioning cooling eliminates damage to the atmospheric ozone layer.

3. Provide citizens with a place for skating and skiing, and provide citizens and tourists with an ice-light sightseeing tour and a snow-capped mountain amusement park to achieve the goal of beautifying the city.

4, to provide citizens and businesses -10 °C cold storage, instead of refrigerator cooling, eliminating Freon refrigeration, eliminating the destruction of the atmospheric ozone layer. (Note: Freon refrigerants are still used in air-conditioner and refrigerator refrigeration, but now Freon refrigerants destroy the atmospheric ozone layer much less than in the past, but there is still a lot of damage, especially the destruction of refrigerator refrigerants is still very serious. The international convention is to cancel the use of these refrigerants by 2020).

5, to provide the public and companies with drying heat source: The current urban housing area is very small, in order to dry clothes need a balcony, although in winter and rainy days sometimes there are many days clothes to dry. In industry there are many factories that need to heat their heat sources, such as food processing plants. With a drying heat source, you can use the balcony to dry clothes, and the balcony can be used for other purposes. Some balconies can even be used as a bedroom, so that a house with two bedrooms and one living room can be turned into a three-bedroom, one-bedroom apartment, which increases the number of houses. Utilization rate. Industry has a drying heat source Factory drying products do not need to consume electricity.

Late period:

The energy distribution of solar energy is not equal. It is related to the region and also related to the seasons. In summer, the light intensity is much greater than that in winter. In winter, not only the light intensity is low, but also the duration of daylight is short, and there are many rainy days. More importantly, it is winter. The heat energy required is more than the cold energy needed for summer. Obviously, there will be insufficient solar energy in winter and energy needs to be added.

Energy storage is used to solve this problem and all environmental protection renewable energy sources are used throughout the year. It is possible to build solar thermal power stations and wind power generation in western desert regions, geothermal and hot springs in regions rich in geothermal power, and hot spring power stations, and use hydrogen generated by electrolyzed water to store energy. Since the thermal efficiency of the engine is high, the cost of energy storage can be greatly reduced. .

Vehicles such as automobiles and airplanes can use hydrogen as a fuel, completely replacing fossil energy, and thoroughly solving the three major problems of energy, environmental protection, and global warming.

1.3.2 Project Scale

In order to achieve the city (county) units, enterprises and all citizens to achieve cold and heat supply for the scale (except in remote areas, pipe installation costs are too high). It will be carried out in four steps. The first phase will build a 10MW demonstration project using natural gas as fuel; the second phase will install solar energy as the main energy project, and use heat storage to achieve 24-hour solar power generation to achieve the application of environmentally friendly energy; Phase III is feasible. After the feasibility study has been approved, the city will carry out large-scale construction of the city, first construct natural gas or geothermal fuel projects; in Phase IV, complete natural gas-based projects and then add solar energy as the main energy project, and finally complete the snow-capped mountains park. The construction of the park will realize the spring, cold, hot and electric triple supply and snow-capped mountains park playground.

Chapter II, Project Background, Necessity and Feasibility

2.1 Existing technical background

The triple supply of cold, hot and electric power is an energy cascade application mode. That is, high product energy is used for power generation (high temperature part), and low product energy is used for (low temperature part) refrigeration and heating because of its high energy utilization, in addition to heat transfer. In addition to losses and mechanical losses, heat energy is used in full, no waste heat is discharged, energy utilization is the highest, and the utilization rate is more than 85%. Therefore, it is highly valued by the world.

In the sense of name, cold, hot and electric triple supply can only provide cold, hot and electric energy at the same time. Indeed, there are many kinds of cold, hot, and electric triple supply systems in the company. Some of them are powered by generators and then drive central air-conditioning (compressor refrigeration) to realize triple supply of cold, hot, and electric power. Some are for energy conservation. The mechanical work of the engine is directly driven by the refrigeration of the compressor, which can save the loss generated by generating electricity and then using electricity to drive the motor. Another is to drive the exhaust heat of the engine to drive absorption cooling and heating machines. The first two are to consume high-quality electric energy or mechanical energy, and the latter is the most energy-saving and environmentally-friendly method. Therefore, the whole world attaches great importance to the following triple supply of cold, hot, and electric power. This is how we use this approach. To achieve cold, heat, electricity triple supply. Why is such a good project not used in the world? The reason is on the engine.

In principle, waste heat absorption refrigeration requires only a heat source of 60°C or higher. Actually, a heat source of 100°C or lower can cool, but its energy efficiency ratio (COP) is about 0.4. The waste heat is used for cooling, and the waste heat temperature must reach about 150° C. The energy efficiency ratio is only high, otherwise it does not have much value. In particular, three-effect, four-effect absorption refrigeration is now used, and the operating temperature is over 250 degrees. So is there an engine with a waste heat of about 150°C?

Engine: Today's engines basically use two cycles, the Rankine cycle and the Brayton cycle. The Rankine cycle is the steam engine cycle. It works in both vapor and liquid phases. The Brayton cycle works completely in the gas phase, and the performance of the two is quite different.

Rankine cycle: The biggest advantage of the Rankine cycle is the low operating temperature, which is that any type of fuel can be used for external combustion. Most of the current use of the cheapest coal. In order to use a lower heat source, some people are studying organic Rankine, using lower boiling point organic working media instead of hydraulic media, to make the working temperature lower. The exhaust temperature of the Rankine cycle is determined by the temperature of the cooling source and can be changed. However, the exhaust temperature of the Rankine cycle has the greatest influence on the thermal efficiency. The lower the exhaust temperature of the Rankine cycle, the lower the exhaust pressure and the more complete the work. Conversely, the higher the exhaust temperature, the higher the exhaust pressure. The work medium does not do its work and the thermal efficiency is lower. For example, if the exhaust temperature of a steam turbine is increased to 150°C, the exhaust pressure reaches 0.5 MPa, and the exhaust pressure at room temperature is usually about 0.006 MPa, and the exhaust pressure is increased by more than 80 times. It is obvious that the thermal efficiency will drop sharply. After the exhaust pressure rises, the reheat cycle cannot be performed, so that its thermal efficiency will be lower. Therefore, it is completely impossible to increase the exhaust temperature of the Rankine cycle for use in residual heat absorption refrigeration. The exhausted low-temperature waste heat is directly heated, and now the heat and electricity supply is such that it has been widely used.

Brayton cycle: Brayton cycle is the expansion of the engine to do the work medium compression and then heating (combustion) to expand the work done, due to the work of the work to be the first compression, and the compressed working fluid temperature will rise significantly, in this On the basis of reheating (burning) the final temperature will be very high, such as Stirling engine above 800 °C, gas turbine temperature up to 1600 °C. The Stirling engine has a recuperator and is nearly isothermally compressed, so its exhaust temperature is not high and it is not suitable for heat absorption and cooling of waste heat. Gas engine exhaust temperature is as high as about 600 °C, very suitable for absorption of waste heat heating, cooling, but it is limited by fuel, can not use solar energy as a heat source (solar can not reach such a high temperature), can not use cheap The coal can only use natural gas or fuel oil as fuel, which increases the application cost. Due to the high cost of gas turbine power generation, current gas turbine power generation is mainly used for peaking power generation.

The waste heat emitted by the gas turbine has a high temperature, which is a high-grade heat energy. It also has a good use value. Now it is connected to the boiler to generate steam and then Rankine cycle power generation, which is more cost-effective than heating and cooling. The price of heating is based on the price of coal. The cost of burning coal is very low, and the price of natural gas for electricity generation is very high. In most regions, electricity is 0.8 yuan. Although the heat utilization rate of power generation is not high for cold, heat and electricity, but it generates high-value electricity, and the total value is still higher, so power generation is more cost-effective than heating and cooling. After the gas turbine power generation, the residual heat discharged by the Rankine cycle is called the combined cycle, which is the highest cycle of power generation efficiency at present, and the thermal efficiency reaches 60%. The temperature of exhaust gas discharged after regenerative power generation is close to room temperature and cannot be used for absorption heating and cooling.

From the above, it can be seen that the reason for the lack of commercialization of the triple supply of cold, hot and electric power is that there is no suitable engine, and there is no engine with an exhaust gas temperature of about 150°C. The residual heat of about 150°C is not of much value for re-power generation. Basically it belongs to waste heat. For absorption heating and cooling, waste heat is reused.

2.2. Technical background of the project

Our technological innovation mainly consists in inventing a new type of low-temperature engine. This engine is not a Rankine cycle or a Brayton cycle. It is a new circulation mode that we invented. It not only has high thermal efficiency and excellent low temperature characteristics, but also has a thermal efficiency of 25% at a working temperature of 200 degrees and a thermal efficiency of 40% at a working temperature of 350 degrees. It is very suitable for solar thermal power generation (low temperature of light and heat). . The higher the temperature, the higher the thermal efficiency, and the highest thermal efficiency can reach 60% at higher temperatures. The bigger advantage is that its exhaust temperature is up to 130°C, which is very suitable for waste heat and cooling. Therefore, its high temperature part is used for power generation. The waste heat generated by power generation can be used for heating and cooling to achieve energy cascade utilization and achieve efficient cooling. Heat, electricity, triple supply.

Solar concentrating can only be used in urban roofs with micro-towers, troughs and Fresnels, while trough and Fresnel-type output temperatures are very low, foreign can reach 400 °C, only 300 degrees in China, The thermal efficiency of a small-sized steam turbine with over 300 degrees is only about 15%, and that of a large-scale turbine is up to 20%. Our engine can reach 40% at over 350 degrees. At the same operating temperature our engine has a much higher thermal efficiency, so it is very suitable for urban solar power generation.

Waste heat cooling:

Some of the refrigeration cycle is similar to the engine's cycle. Our waste heat and cooling use some of the engine's technology, so the operating temperature is also very low, the operating efficiency at 130°C can reach a COP of 1.4, and the cooling temperature can be As low as -10°C, different from the current absorption refrigeration principle. The current highest absorption COP is 1.6, domestic about 1.2, using lithium bromide refrigeration, the lowest cooling temperature can only be as low as 5 °C, can not be used for preservation of the refrigerator, can not make ice and snow, excess cold Cannot be used to build Snow Mountain amusement park. If ammonia and water are used for absorption and cooling, and the cold water at -10°C is produced, the energy efficiency ratio will be greatly reduced, and the cost will also increase substantially without economic benefits.

2.3 Project Necessity and Feasibility

Heating is a problem of food and clothing. In ancient times, the two major issues of warmth and food were the most important issues for people's livelihood. They were called food and clothing. When fossil energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas were not found in the past, people's warmth is heated by the firewood on the mountain. In the past, these two kinds of medium and warm foods are more important than full-fledged foods, because people can eat without thirst and not die in one week, and in the low-temperature environment, one day without warmth will freeze to death, so the ancient people’s food and clothing will be warmly written. Saturated in the past, called food and clothing. The firewood, rice, oil, and salt often mentioned in people's lives are also at the top of the firewood row. This shows that in the old days, "wood fire" was the most important thing in people's livelihood. The life of an ordinary farmer was more than a third of the time he used to cut wood from the mountains. Now that he has discovered fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, people have become completely unfamiliar with firewood.

Isn't it really important for warmth now? With the reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, and the large amount of consumption, as well as large population growth, energy consumption is huge. Not only does it require heating energy, but now the surface temperature of the Earth has risen significantly. Because the temperature on the surface of the Earth has risen, there are many places where there is no refrigeration and air conditioning, and it is impossible to survive. It also requires refrigeration to consume energy. Due to the wisdom of mankind, the engine was invented, and production labor has gradually depended on machinery, which consumes more energy. However, fossil energy such as coal, oil, and natural gas is a consumable product. When it is used up, it is gone. According to statistics, coal is about 100 years old, oil is about 60 years old, and natural gas is about 80 years old. It is a resource left by ancestors and is a descendant. The resources shared by future generations can be used up by generations. This is sin. In particular, the impact of oil on the future, oil is not only used for burning to provide energy, in oil we also extracted a lot of organic substances commonly used in life, such as plastics and many other chemical raw materials are extracted in oil, the future of oil is gone, These living substances do not know what to use instead.

The more serious problem is that these fossil fuels are running out quickly, or they have not solved the alternative energy. Without energy, the survival of human beings will become a big problem. It is no longer necessary to cut firewood up the mountain. Now the population has increased by several dozen times, especially for industrial production. Nowadays, people go out and drive, and machinery can be replaced by machinery instead of manpower. Most of the products are produced by machinery. The demand for these energy sources for transportation and industrial production is far greater than the energy needed for heating. The firewood on the mountain can not be satisfied nor applied. It is theoretically possible to use nuclear energy. However, the radioactive element used in nuclear power plants is the radioactive element of vanadium. The vanadium can not be used for power generation. The current use is only atomic bombs. In other words, the massive use of nuclear energy to generate electricity will generate a large amount of radioactive waste that cannot be handled. If these radioactive elements are captured by terrorists, it will be devastating to the earth.

In the aspect of environmental pollution: Fossil-type energy sources will generate a large amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which will cause global warming and a large amount of PM2.5 smog to pollute the environment. Compressor refrigeration is the main cooling technology. Compressor refrigeration is still using Freon refrigerant to cool. Although the Freon R11, which has the most severe damage to the atmospheric ozone layer, has been decommissioned, the Freon refrigerant still exists in the atmosphere. Destruction, especially the use of R12 in refrigerators, has caused serious damage to the atmospheric ozone layer. The international conventions will eliminate Freon refrigerants by 2020.

In terms of global warming: the large amount of carbon dioxide that will be generated when fossil energy is burned. Not only is it preventing greenhouse gases from spreading on the surface of the earth to warm the planet, but it also has very high temperatures. These high-temperature exhaust gases directly heat the earth and cause the earth to The surface heats up directly to accelerate global warming. Solar energy, geothermal heat, and hot springs also heat the earth's surface. However, this engine consumes them for power generation, which directly reduces global warming.

The use of solar heat to produce cold and heat energy for cooling and heating not only increases revenue, but also significantly reduces the load on the grid. 70% of the electricity used by civil and government units is for heating or cooling, especially the government. The electricity used by the office units is almost always used for air conditioning (winter heating, summer cooling). The use of waste heat generated after power generation to cool and heat the heating and cooling supplies greatly reduces the power consumption of air conditioners and drastically reduces the power grid. According to statistics, the power consumption of air-conditioning accounts for 1/3 of the total power generation.

At present, energy has reached a very moment. Environmental pollution is even more difficult for humans to survive. Global warming has made our land area smaller and smaller. Therefore, the world has made energy, environmental protection, and global warming the top priority in the world.

This shows that this project is an urgently anticipated project in the world and is a project that completely solves energy conservation, environmental protection, and global warming, and its implementation is of great significance.

Chapter III. Project Product Market Analysis

3.1 Project Status and Development Prospects

At present, companies that provide cold, hot and electricity triple supply to enterprises or non-government markets based on business models have not yet achieved globally. Only some companies build their own systems for cold, hot, and electricity triple use. Therefore, there is no identical project comparison. In order to compare the advantages of this project, we compared the projects with the triple supply of cold, hot and electric power to understand the status of the industry and the development prospects of the project.

Self-contained cold, hot and electric triple supply: The self-use triple cold, hot and electric triple supply is the company's own construction, and the cold, heat and electricity generated for its own internal use by the enterprise. It does not exist transactions, and no business tax will not be created for the country. tax. Because of its high cost, it is not marketable to make profits in the form of goods, but it is lower than the cost of electricity consumption. Therefore, not only can it not be commoditized, but it is also very rare for its own users.

It also requires a larger construction cost.

The combined heat and power supply: The market for heat and electricity is currently the largest, and has been popularized in northern heating areas. Its advantage is that the energy utilization rate is as high as 85% and coal is cheaply combusted. However, it cannot be cooled, nor can it be heated (the heating is equivalent to the production of heat). It is the direct heating of the waste heat generated after power generation. Since all coal-fired power generation turbines, steam turbine exhaust temperature is very low, can not be used for refrigeration, heating, no energy amplification, energy efficiency ratio is not high, COP is less than 1, that is: electrical energy + thermal energy <fuel energy.

Solar power generation: There are currently two types of solar power generation: photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal power generation. Non-condensing photovoltaic power generation does not emit heat, so there is no waste heat reuse. Even if it is a concentrator photovoltaic system, it only emits heat, but the photovoltaic cell cannot withstand too high a temperature. Therefore, the exhaust heat temperature cannot be too high. It cannot be used for cooling, heating, and heating. It can only be heat and electricity. . In today's CSP, the type of concentrator is used to determine the engine. The disc can only use Stirling engine. The power is too small, the heat is not concentrated, and the temperature is not high. It cannot be used for cooling and heating with waste heat. . Other types of concentrators currently use steam turbines. The steam exhaust temperature of steam turbines is very low and can only be directly heated. It cannot be used for cooling or heating. In addition, current solar thermal power generation is built in the desert areas in the remote western part of the country. To introduce waste heat into urban areas, it is necessary to set up long pipelines with large heat transfer losses. The hot water is cold before it reaches the urban areas. The combination of heat and electricity is difficult to achieve.

This project: This project is solar thermal, thermal, electricity triple supply, because we invented a new type of low temperature engine can reach a higher power generation efficiency at 200 °C operating temperature, so you can use trough or Fresnel concentrator Distributed on the city's roof terraces, they are interconnected by pipelines and sent to power plants collectively for large-scale solar power generation. Since the exhaust temperature of our engine at a working temperature of 200°C can reach 130°C or so, the waste heat discharged from the engine can be used for cooling and heating, achieving the purpose of triple supply of cold, hot and electric power. After cooling and heating, the use of energy is amplified, so the overall COP can be greater than one.

This model can be used to calculate its integrated energy efficiency ratio (COP), integrated energy efficiency ratio = power generation efficiency + cooling efficiency + heating efficiency. If the power generation efficiency is 30%, the cooling COP1.6 and the heating COP2.6 are calculated.

Power generation efficiency: The power generation efficiency is 30%, or 0.3.

Refrigeration efficiency: Cooling and heating are made by the residual heat of the engine. According to the generator, there is 15% heat loss and mechanical loss. Therefore, the exhaust heat is = 1-0.3-0.15 = 0.55. That is, 55% of the waste heat is discharged after the generator generates electricity. This is the 55% of the waste heat for cooling and heating. Therefore, the efficiency of cooling and heating in total energy consumption is:

Refrigeration efficiency = 1.6 (cooling COP) x 0.55 = 0.88;

Heating efficiency = 2.6 (heating COP) x 0.55 = 1.43;

Comprehensive energy efficiency ratio (comprehensive COP) = 0.3 + 0.88 + 1.43 = 2.61

Here, it is specifically stated that the energy efficiency ratio (COP) is numerically equal to efficiency, since the energy conservation law clearly states that the efficiency of any device cannot be greater than or equal to 1 while the cooling efficiency and the heating efficiency exceed 1, and obviously the law of conservation of energy. contradiction. However, its energy generation method has special characteristics, such as the complete calculation does not violate the law of conservation of energy. In order to make a distinction between efficiency and efficiency, physics has named it energy efficiency ratio (COP). The cooling and heating COP here is to amplify the energy, and the energy amplification is simply to consume 1 KW of energy to generate more than 1 KW of energy. This kind of situation seems to exist in the existing science only the refrigeration system (refrigeration includes heating), and the personnel in the refrigeration, heat pump (heat pump and refrigeration) industry have applied this term.

In order not to mistakenly believe that the law of energy conservation is violated, the calculation of COP is introduced here.

Refrigeration is actually a thermal separation. For example, 100°C hot water is used as the heat source of the absorption chiller (this energy is equivalent to a compressor). The water at 20°C is separated into 0°C cold water and 40°C by an absorption chiller. During the hot water, 2MJ of heat change occurred during the period, that is, a part of water at 20°C was sucked away and 2MJ of heat was changed to -2MJ and 0°C cold water; another part of water absorbed this 2MJ of heat and changed from 20°C to 40°C. °C

Hot water consumes 1MJ of hot water at 100°C during this process. That is, consumption of hot water at 1 MJ and 100° C. takes 2 MJ of hot water and -2 MJ of cold water.

Energy balance type: 1MJ (consume 100°C hot water) = -2MJ (cold water) + 2MJ (hot water) + 1MJ (from 100°C hot water to 40°C hot water) = 1MJ (40°C heat) water)

As a result, the energy of cold water and hot water cancel each other out, from 1MJ (100°C hot water) to 1MJ (40°C hot water), and their energy values ​​are equal to 1MJ without violating the law of conservation of energy.

The high-temperature hot water consumed at 100°C becomes hot water with an equal energy value of 40°C. Its mechanism must be that the high-temperature heat source produces low-temperature thermal energy, and the low-temperature heat source must not be used to obtain high-temperature thermal energy.

From the perspective of the above energy balance, it is in full compliance with the law of conservation of energy, but the use of 1 MJ of heat energy to separate cold water and hot water of more than 1 MJ and even several MJ is not well explained in physics. However, it has been widely used. The air conditioner used in the home is like this. If you open an 800W electric stove at home to heat the fire in the winter, it is only heated by the Ministry, and a 1P (750W) air conditioner is turned on, and the whole room will be warm. stand up. Because the heating capacity of the air conditioner has a magnifying power, it can amplify energy several times. If the heating COP is 3.5, then the heat energy it generates is 750W×3.5=2625W. Obviously, the 750W air conditioner generates more heat than 800W. The furnace is much higher.

In practical applications, hot and cold water that has been separated has its own function. Hot water can be used for heating and bathing in daily life. Cold water can be used for refrigeration, air conditioning, refrigeration, preservation and other purposes. It can be used for multiple purposes. The refrigeration cannot be said to be negative energy, and it cannot be mixed and cancelled out. Since they cannot be offset, this efficiency is called the energy efficiency ratio (COP). As calculated above, 1MJ and 100°C high-temperature heat refrigerating and heating become 1MJ and 40°C hot water, and 2MJ and 40°C hot water are prepared at the same time. There are 3MJ and 40°C hot water. (The consumed 1MJ of thermal energy is also mixed in the heating), and the energy consumed is 1MJ.

That is: heating efficiency ratio (COP) = output / consumption = 3MJ ÷ 1MJ = 3

Refrigeration Energy Efficiency Ratio (COP) = Output/Consumption 2MJ÷1MJ=2

Since the energy values ​​of cooling and heating are the same, the thermal energy (or mechanical energy) consumed has been converted to the same temperature as the thermal energy produced and mixed in the heating. Therefore, the heating COP is always larger than the cooling COP. 1.

If both cold energy and thermal energy are used, its total COP is the sum of the two. In the above example, the total COP or the overall energy efficiency ratio (COP) = 3 + 2 = 5. In practice, the resulting cold energy It is impossible to make full use of heat energy. Its seasonality is very strong. For example, winter needs heat energy for heating. In civil use, cold energy has almost no other role than preservation, and there will be excess cold energy. In this project, excess cold energy can be used to build snow-capped mountains parks for people to enjoy, watch, and exercise. The time for excess cold energy is long, and the maximum cooling time for a year is 4 months, so there will be 8 More than one month cold energy was used for Snow Mountain Park. Thermal energy in summer is redundant and does not have much effect, so the actual comprehensive COP cannot be directly added.

Since the exhaust heat from the engine is used in many ways, it has a number of charging items and a variety of income:

1, generating income;

2, heating, heating water income;

3, cooling income;

4. Snow Mountain Park Playground Income.

From the above, it can be seen that the use of residual heat discharged by the engine for the refrigerator to produce thermal energy and cold energy can be several times higher than that of the direct heating of waste heat. It is not only several times more heat than direct heating, but also Generated more valuable cold energy. This shows that the project is of great value, has the highest energy efficiency, and has a huge development prospect.

3.2. Natural conditions and advantages in the project area

Energy is consumed by anyone, and solar energy is available anywhere on the surface of the earth. Therefore, its natural conditions in any area are good. As this project can install solar concentrators on the rooftop balcony, it is particularly suitable for urban areas with high population density. It can provide cold, heat and electricity centrally and reduce pipeline construction costs.它不仅适用我国的城镇，同样适合世界各地的城镇，具有非常好的自然地理优势。

第四章、项目建设内容和方案

4.1、项目总投资

项目总投资为：自筹资金1亿人民币，根据太阳能的政府扶持政策，建设太阳能电站国营企业自筹资金20%，可政策贷款80%，民营企业自筹资金30%，可政策贷款70%。我们是民营企业，现自筹资金1亿，因此可政策贷款2.3333亿，本项目只需贷款2.3亿，总投资3.3亿元人民币。

4.2、项目资金构成

4.2.1、固定资产投资

项目固定资产投资为：30284万元。

主要用于：建设场地工程资金；控制系统的购置；与用户相连的管道建设资金；发电机、输送电器等电器设备的购置；太阳能聚光系统的材料及加工费；生产发动机的材料及加工费；生产制冷机的材料及加工费；蓄热器及蓄热材料的购置；检测检验仪器购置等。

4.2.2、流动资金投资

项目流动资金为：2716万元。

主要用于：补助燃料的采购（如天然气）、工资、财务费用、办公费等。

4.3、固定资产

4.3.1、固定资产估算表

以上投资计算是按24小时蓄热连续发电，采用水蓄热，工作温度200℃，蓄热压力1.55Mpa。由于10MW的示范项目太小，制冷量不足，无法供应雪山公园的制冰、制雪，上述固定设备中没有雪山公园的投资。

蓄热压力1.55Mpa。由于10MW的示范项目太小，制冷量不足，无法供应雪山公园的制冰、制雪，上述固定设备中没有雪山公园的投资。

总造价30284万元，每千瓦的造价是3.03万/KW，还包括了供暖和供冷，这个造价是非常的低，它比8小时熔盐蓄热的单独太阳能发电成本还低。

如果是单独太阳能光热发电与太阳能冷、热、电三联供的投资成本对比，就是少了制冷机组费用3000万元、用户相连的保温管道2020万元及建设资金650万元，共相差5670万元。

4.3.2、主要建设内容

4.3.2、1、建筑物：

包括：厂房1栋，建筑面积2000㎡；办公室及其它1000㎡；

4.3.2、2、公用工程：

包括：给排水、供电、防雷措施、通信报警、采暖通风。

（一）、公用工程方案

1、给排水

（一）、公用工程方案

1、给排水

⑴、设计依据：

《建筑给排水设计规范》（GB50015-2003）；

《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006）

⑵、水源：

项目厂区供水水源为市政自来水。

⑶、给水系统：

项目用水主要包括生产用水（用于供热用水，供冷用盐水，循环使用）；

生活用水和消防用水。发动机冷却采用风冷，不消耗水。

⑷、排水系统：

本项目生产过程无污水。供热、供冷水循环使用。

排水系统主要来自生活废水（办公楼和其他建筑物卫生间的厕所冲水，粪便污水经化粪池处理），可直接排到厂门前的市政污水沟；

雨水采用地面自然排水，先流入厂区雨水干道，最后流入园区雨水管道。

（二）、供电

⑴、电源：

电源由园区10KV架空线引至厂区，由电缆引入厂区变电室，供电和输电共用。电压有220V、380V自用电和10KV上网电压。

⑵、用电负荷：

本项目自身就能发电向外供应，不用考虑自用电负荷。

（三）、防雷措施

项目建筑物按三类防雷考虑。

低压配电系统的接地型式采用TN-C系统，厂房内所有的金属管道、机架、金属设备外壳和电气设备在正常情况下不带电的金属外壳均应按上述系统做接零保护。

各屋面应设避雷网，引下线暗设。防雷接地电阻不应大于10Ω，所有建筑物电源入户处均应做重复接地，接地电阻不应大于4Ω。

（四）、通信报警设施

本工程弱电设计内容包括：电话通讯、火灾自动报警及联动控制系统。厂区的办公楼内安置内线、外线分别行至单体建筑电话组线箱，然后敷设到各需要岗位。

根据《建筑设计防火规范》、《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》有关规定，在建筑物内的重要部位设防火区，按防火分区安装烟温探头，在走道入口设报警按钮、警笛、当火警信号送至消防控制室，发出灭火指令信号，切除有关非消防电源，鸣警笛，消火栓按钮启动消防泵。

消防控制室还设有与区消防队的直通电话。

（五）、制冷、采暖通风

⑴、设计依据

《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》(GB50019－2003)

《工业企业设计卫生标准》(GBZ1－2002)

⑵、设计基础资料

冬季采暖室外计算温度－15℃

冬季通风室外计算温度－10℃

夏季通风室外计算温度30℃

⑶、制冷与采暖

办公、发电车间、仓库的制冷和采暖，由我们自己的冷、热联供自供。

⑷、通风

生产车间工序每个工位须安装排风或空气过滤装置。

4.3.2、3、聚光、集热系统

本项目是采用水做蓄热工质的，由于水做蓄热工质会产生压力，受压力的限制很难提高蓄热温度，发电系统的工作温度与蓄热温度是相关联的。由于本项目的工作温度低，只有200℃，可采用成本最低的菲涅尔式聚光器，采用平面反射镜。现在的菲涅尔式聚光器为了提高输出温度，基本上是采用微弧反射镜的，只要反射镜进行了弧形加工，所产生的费用（成本）基本上是相同的，而弧面镜是平面镜的二倍以上价格。菲涅尔式聚光器所用的钢材也是最少的，线性菲涅尔是单轴跟踪，跟踪器的成本也是最低的。因此，这种聚光器比现在的菲涅尔式聚光器的成本还低属成本最低的聚光器。也可采用小开口的槽式聚光器，槽式聚光器的成本主要与开口大小有关，开口大聚光比高，输出的温度也高，但是所用的钢材越粗壮，成本就越高，本项目的输出温度要求不高，可采用小开口低成本的槽式聚光器。

采用水做蓄热工质，由于受压力的限制从而限制了它的工作温度，既然工作温度和压力都不能太高，可以直接用水做加热工质，这样可省去导热水及导热水与矿物盐之间的热交换器，使成本大幅度降低。

这种冷、热、电三联供建设在城市里，聚光器只能安装在市区里机关、单位、企业及公寓的屋顶来台上，而这平台是别人的，需付租金才有使用权，这里可按每平方米/每月2元的租金来租用平台。

4.3.2、4、蓄热系统

采用水做蓄热工质，蓄热部分仅仅只增加了蓄热罐和水泵，由于水蓄热会产生压力，这里从安全角度考虑，压力控制在1.55Mpa（对应的温度是200℃）是比较容易做到安全运行的，由于这里的蓄热罐有压力，属压力容器，这里按压力容器的标准来生产。

蓄热罐属钢制压力容器，按“GB150-1998，《钢制压力容器》”标准设计，并请有专业压力容器制造资质的厂家制造。

压力水泵是成熟商品，按标准购买。

降低蓄热温度会大幅度的降低发动机热效率，采用水蓄热是牺牲热效率来降低成本的做法，至于是否合算后面会有更详细的对比。采用水做蓄热工质，蓄热部分仅仅只增加了蓄热罐和水泵两个部件，蓄热工质（水）的费用可以忽略不计。更重要的是可靠性好，采用水做导热工质可省去导热水、矿物盐、导热油与矿物盐之间的换热器。省去的部件越多，结构就越简单，结构越简单性能就越可靠，再则用水蓄热是非常成熟的技术。如采用矿物盐蓄热，要考虑导热油的变质，导热油用的时间长了会变绸，流动性变差，会增大运行功耗，同时还会降低传热系数，热交换性能变差；矿物盐也是如此，用的时间长了也是会变绸、流动性差、增大运行功耗、降低换热性能，如更换则增加营运成本。

矿物盐的凝固温度较高，在常温下是固体，因此需要很好的保温，甚至是加热来防止凝固堵塞管道，增加营运成本。更严重的是矿物盐里含有氯离子，对金属有较强的腐蚀性，需采用非常好的不锈钢来制造与它相接触的部件，可靠性是质疑。

4.3.2、5、发电系统

发电系统包括发动机、发电机、电厂辅助设施、电网接入设施；

发动机包括换热器、压力气体产生器、膨胀做功器、冷却器四大部分；

发电机只是单独发电机；电厂辅助设施包括变压器、高低压配电、电缆等；

电网接入设施是电站到到高压电网这一段的高压电路。

由集热器采集到压力1.55Mpa、温度200℃的水工质还是液体，不能直接进入发动机去膨胀做功，即使是1.55Mpa、200℃是蒸汽直接进入汽轮机，它的参数太低热效率也非常的低。本发动机不是采用水做发电工质的，需进入换热器换热。

本发动机是一种新型的发动机，还没有生产标准，但它们都是压力容器或压力器件，可按压力容器的标准来生产。

换热器按“按GB151-1999，《管壳式换热器》”标准设计，并请有专业压力容器制造资质的厂家制造。

压力气体产生器、膨胀做功器，按“GB150-1998，《钢制压力容器》”标准设计，并请有专业压力容器制造资质的厂家制造部件，自己组装。

发电机、电厂辅助设施、电网接入设施按配套标准采购，请供电公司安装。

4.3.2、6、制冷机、供热、供冷系统

本项目的制冷机也是我们发明的新产品，它主要由换热器、制冷机组成，还没有制定标准，它跟发动机一样也属压力容器范畴，可按压力容器的标准来生产。

换热器按“按GB151-1999，《管壳式换热器》”标准设计，并请有专业压力容器制造资质的厂家制造。

制冷机按“GB150-1998，《钢制压力容器》”标准设计，并请有专业压力容器制造资质的厂家加工部件，自己组装。

供热、供冷全是管道工程，按“供热管网设计规范CJJ34-2010”标准设计，保温管按GB/T8175-1987标准设计，蓄热工质管按汽轮机管道标准D600B-000107ASM设计，并请有专业资质的企业制造和安装。

4.4、成本对比：

4.4、1、水蓄热与矿物盐蓄热成本对比

采用水来做蓄热发电的工质，在行业中还没有规模化运行的先例，这里对采用我们的发动机水蓄热和现在的发动机矿物盐蓄热的成本进行对比。

槽式或菲涅尔式聚光器的输出温度很低，国外可达400℃，国内350℃都困难，而400℃的工作温度发动机的热效率在25-30%之间，大型的才能达到30%的热效率，由于太阳能的能量密度较低，很难达到大型电站规模，热效率通常在25%左右。用水做蓄热工质使工作温度降低到200℃（如压力容器的成本降低和安全性提高可再提高水的蓄热温度），采用现在的发动机的热效率只有15%左右了。这样同样的输出功率聚光面积要增多70%左右，显然，这是不可行的，而我们从发动机的低温性能解决了这一问题，使200℃的工作温度也能达到现在发动机400℃的热效率，在同样的输出功率它并不需要增加聚光面积，以下进行成本对比。

太阳能光热发电在我国还是启步阶段，可对比的数据极少，这里用西班牙Andasol一个50MW的投资数据来对比分析。

A栏：表2中A栏数据是西班牙Andasol一个50MW网上公布的投资数据，Andasol它50MW的投资是3.64亿美元，折算人民币约22.75亿人民币，蓄热7.5小时。一个没有蓄热的电站一天的满负荷发电时间大约也是7.5小时，蓄热7.5小时相当于又一个没有蓄热的电站，因此，这里Andasol公司50MW蓄热7.5小时就相当于2倍（或两个）无蓄热的50MW电站。

B栏：要对比成本得从没有蓄热开始，这里将A栏中与蓄热相关的不用，就没有蓄热投资了。B栏就是没有蓄热的成本，序号3是厂房基建，它与是否蓄热无关，所以它不变。蓄热发电是在没有阳光的时候发电，所以，发电系统的序号29、30、31也不变。序号34、35、36、37这些其它项目变化不大，这里也视为不变。聚光、集热系统是A栏的一半，因为聚光、集热系统有一半是白天发电用的，有一半是蓄热用的。序号“21、22、23、24、25、26”全部是为蓄热而增加的，现在不蓄热这些都是0。

C栏：C栏是3倍蓄热，它相当于3倍无蓄热50MW的电站。在C栏中，同B栏一样，序号3、29、30、31、34、35、36、37这些无论是否蓄热都必须有的，并且它们与蓄热大小无关，所以也不变。而聚光、集热系统是随蓄热倍数增加的，这里是3倍蓄热，所以它是无蓄热B栏聚光、集热系统的3倍。C栏的蓄热时间是15小时，是A栏的两倍，所以序号“21、22、23、24、25、26”是A栏的两倍。

D栏：D栏是采用本项目的高效率发动机用水做蓄热工质的成本，它是参考B栏得来的，这里以B栏为基础更能说明问题，只要与B栏相同的产品就以B栏为准，避免成本差异。我们的高效率发动机成本要比现在的发动机高很多，所以序号“29”的值增加了很多；我们是采用菲涅尔式聚光器的，这种聚光器的成本要比Andasol使用的槽式低约30%，但是，菲涅尔式的聚光有较大的余弦损失，损失达15%左右。因此，聚光、集热系统从序号9-18是按B栏对应的值×0.7(降低的成本)×1.15(增大的余弦损失)得来的。菲涅式没有旋转接头，序号15为0，采用水做蓄热工质不用导热油，序号17为0；发电系统除发电机外其它是相同的；劳动支出和其它支出也是相同的。

E栏：E栏是2倍水蓄热的成本，同B栏一样，序号3、29、30、31、34、35、36、37这些无论是否蓄热都必须有的，并且它们与蓄热大小无关，所以也不变。而聚光、集热系统是随蓄热倍数增加的，这里是2倍蓄热，所以它是无蓄热D栏聚光、集热系统的2倍。蓄热部分与A栏相同，但这里的蓄热工质水可不计成本，也不需要换热器和平衡系统，所以序号21、24、26为0。

F栏：F栏3倍水蓄热的成本，同E栏一样，序号3、29、30、31、34、35、36、37这些无论是否蓄热都必须有的不变。而聚光、集热系统是3倍蓄热，所以它是无蓄热D栏聚光、集热系统的3倍。蓄热部分是E栏的两倍，这里的蓄热工质水也不计成本，也不需要换热器和平衡系统，所以序号21、24、26也是0。

对比B与D这两个没有蓄热的成本，虽然本项目的发动机热效率高，但是，为了能利用水来蓄热降低了工作温度，从而降低了热效率，所以两者对比并没有提高热效率。采用本项目的发动机的成本要高很多，但因工作温度要求不高，采用了低成本菲涅尔聚光器使聚光成本降低了，综合起来两者的成本基本相同。

采用蓄热后成本发生了巨大变化，用水蓄热的总体成本比矿物盐蓄热的总体成本增加少很多，见C栏与F栏的对比。

蓄热后的成本在上升，但发电时长增加，发电量在成倍增加，“2*50MW矿物盐蓄热”的发电时间是没有蓄热50MW的2倍，发电量也是2倍；“3*50MW矿物盐蓄热”的发电时间是没有蓄热50MW的3倍，发电量也是3倍。序号39是将2倍（或3倍）换成2×50MW=100MW来计算每KW成本的。可见，蓄热时间越长，发出来的度电成本就越低。

由此可见，蓄热发电不仅发电质量高，还可做调峰发电，并且可大幅度降低发电成本。

值得说明：从本项目的固定资产投资表1与表2对比，本项目的投资费用要比按西班牙Andasol公司的成本低很多。有三大原因：其一、Andasol公司的成本全属进口产品；其二、表2中Andasol的投资成本是早期的，现在的成本也下降了；其三、在Andasol的投资中其它项目我们很多不用开支或少开支；

所以两者相差较大，总体成本要低很多。

4.4、2、都采用我们的高效发动机对比水与矿物盐蓄热的成本

都采用我们的高效发动机对比水与矿物盐蓄热的成本，这里按3*50MW的蓄热来对比更明显。

从表3中可看出C栏比A栏的总成本要低些，A栏是用水蓄热的成本，C栏是采用矿物盐蓄热的成本。这里的C栏与B栏都是采用矿物盐蓄热，但它们采用的发动机不同，C栏采用高效率发动机后发电效率由25%增大到40%，可减少聚光、集热系统和蓄热系统60%的成本，虽然，高效率发动机的成本也增加了，但总体成本还是采用高温矿物盐蓄热发电的成本低些。

显然，对于单独太阳能发电来说采用水蓄热来降低蓄热成本，会大幅度降低发电效率，虽然采用矿物盐的蓄热成本大，但是它的工作温度高发电效率高，成本低些，也就是说对于单独太阳能发电用水蓄热还是不行的。但是，对于冷、热、电三联供来说，排出的余热也产生了较大的价值，两者就差不多了，而水蓄热的可靠性、稳定性已得到认可，并且有大量的应用，这里是从可靠性、稳定性、安全性来决定采用水蓄热的，再说将来的维护费用也要低很多。

第五章、产品介绍和工作流程

5.1、产品介绍

5.1.1、太阳能冷、热、电三联供原理

太阳能冷、热、电三联供的原理是：通过反射镜将太阳光汇聚到太阳能集热装置，这个集热装置叫集热器（集热管），利用太阳能集热器加热高温传热介质，将已被太阳能加热的高温传热介质引入到蓄热器中，再从蓄热中引入到蒸发器中，蒸发器加热发动机工质带动发动机发电，发电后的废气再进入制冷机中制热和制冷。

5.1.2、太阳能光热发电形式

一般来说，太阳能光热发电形式有碟式、塔式（包含微塔式）、槽式、菲涅尔式四种系统。

1、碟式系统：碟式太阳能热发电系统是世界上最早出现的太阳能动力系统。

碟式的集热温度最高，可达1000℃以上，并且所配用的是高效率的斯特林发动机，是目前太阳能发电系统中光电效率最高的系统，但它的成本很高。它不能用于大型化，也不宜安装在屋顶平台上，不能使用我们的发动机，不适合本项目的应用。

2、塔式系统：

塔式系统可以输出很高的温度，所以它的发电效率较高，次于碟式。它不能安装在屋顶平台上，需较大的聚光场地，只能安装在荒漠上。它可以使用我们的发动机，可以输出冷、热、电三种能源，但它不能在市区内使用，不能安装在屋顶平台上，如安装在郊外输送管道会很长，成本较高。

3、微塔式系统：

微塔式是我们发明的产品，它具有塔式的全部优点，由于它可以小型化可以安装在屋顶平台上，可以分布式利用，适合本项目的应用。

4、槽式系统：

槽式太阳能热发电系统全称为槽式抛物面反射镜太阳能热发电系统。

是将多个槽型抛物面聚光集热器经过串并联的排列，加热工质，产生高温蒸汽，驱动汽轮机发电机组发电。它的优点是成本低，可安装在屋顶平台上，能很好的与我们的发动机配合使用，很适合本项目实现冷、热、电三联供。缺点是输出的温度不高，国外达400℃，国内约350℃左右。但本项目只要求200℃的工作温度，完全满足本项目的要求，并且还可以做小开口来降低成本，因为开口越大钢材也粗壮，钢材用量就越多，但开口越大输出的温度就越高，本项目并不要求那高的温度，因此可从经济方面考虑降低开口尺寸来降低成本。

5、菲涅尔式系统：

菲涅尔式系统与槽式的性能差不多，可以安装在屋顶平台上分布式使用，能很好的与我们的发动机配合使用，很适合本项目实现冷、热、电三

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