Pay attention to the application of biological pesticides in orchards

Biological pesticides offer several advantages, including low toxicity, no residue, slow action, and long-lasting effects. Compared to chemical pesticides, their concentration and dosage are lower, and even when slightly overdosed, they rarely cause phytotoxicity to plants. They are safer for humans, animals, and the environment, making them a popular choice among farmers and environmentally conscious users. However, proper usage is essential to maximize their benefits and avoid potential drawbacks. The China Pesticide Network provides detailed guidance on how to use biological pesticides effectively. First, it's important to understand that different biological pesticides target specific pests. Many people still have misconceptions, believing that biological insecticides and fungicides can treat all diseases and pests. This misunderstanding leads to improper application, reducing effectiveness and delaying treatment. Biological pesticides are highly selective. For example, *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt) is effective against lepidopteran larvae but not against leafhoppers. Similarly, different strains of Bt may have varying effects on various pests. Therefore, choosing the right type based on pest species and feeding behavior is crucial. For instance, Bt works well on caterpillars, while avermectin is more effective against mites. Using two or more bio-pesticides together is often recommended, especially during high pest infestation periods. Second, selecting the appropriate formulation is key. The effectiveness of biological pesticides depends on both the formulation and application method. Depending on the target pest, weather conditions, and timing, you should choose the right product. For example, powders can be dispersed by wind, increasing contact with pests, while wettable powders mixed with water are ideal for spraying on foliage. Dusting methods are less effective in this case. Encapsulated formulations provide longer release and better protection from environmental factors, making them suitable for greenhouse use. Third, timing is critical. Biological pesticides usually take longer to work compared to chemical ones. It’s best to apply them 2–5 days earlier than conventional pesticides. For example, Bt emulsion and *Beauveria bassiana* may take 3–5 days to kill pests after application. Applying them too late may reduce their effectiveness. Fourth, environmental conditions play a major role in the success of biological pesticide use. Temperature, humidity, sunlight, and rain all affect performance. Ideal temperatures for application are above 20°C, as spores and protein crystals need warmth to activate. Humidity is also important—higher humidity improves efficacy, especially for powdered products. Sunlight, particularly UV rays, can damage spores. Spraying in the late afternoon or on cloudy days reduces UV exposure and increases effectiveness. Rain can wash away the pesticide, so it’s best to apply before heavy rain. Light rain after application can actually help spores germinate and improve control. Fifth, using the right equipment is essential. Most biological pesticides are not systemic, so even coverage is necessary. Traditional sprayers often spray from top to bottom, leaving lower leaves and soil under-treated. To save costs and improve efficiency, use high-quality sprayers like mist or foggers that provide better atomization and reduce waste. Sixth, mixing biological pesticides with other agents requires caution. Biological insecticides should not be mixed with chemical fungicides, as this can kill the active bacteria. However, biological fungicides are generally compatible with most chemicals, except alkaline products. Always check compatibility before mixing. Seventh, follow-up application is important. Some biological pesticides, like *Beauveria bassiana*, should be applied within 2 hours of being mixed to prevent premature spore germination and loss of potency. Finally, storage is crucial. Biological pesticides should be kept in cool, dry places to maintain their potency. Products like Suyun gold stalk and Jinggangmycin are sensitive to moisture and heat, and their shelf life is typically limited to two years. Proper storage ensures they remain effective when used.

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