Pay attention to the application of biological pesticides in orchards

Biological pesticides offer several advantages, including low toxicity, no residue, slow action, and long-lasting effects. Their concentration and dosage are generally lower than those of chemical pesticides. Even when used in slightly higher amounts, they typically do not cause phytotoxicity to plants, making them safer for humans, animals, and the environment. Because of these benefits, there is growing interest in their use. To maximize their effectiveness and avoid potential drawbacks, it's important to apply them correctly. The China Pesticide Network provides a detailed guide on how to use biological pesticides effectively. First, different biological pesticides target specific pests. Many users still misunderstand their functions, believing that insecticides or fungicides can treat all plant diseases and pests. This misconception can lead to improper application, reducing effectiveness and delaying control. Biological pesticides are highly selective—like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which works well against lepidopteran larvae but is ineffective against leafhoppers. Different strains of Bt also vary in their effectiveness against various pests. Therefore, choosing the right type of biopesticide based on pest species is crucial. It’s often recommended to use two or more types together, especially during high pest outbreaks, rather than relying on a single product. Second, selecting the right formulation is essential. Biological pesticides are closely tied to their form and application method. Choosing the correct formulation based on the target pest, weather conditions, and timing can significantly improve results. For example, dust formulations spread easily through air currents, increasing contact with pests, while wettable powders mixed with water create suspensions ideal for spraying on foliage. Capsules provide prolonged release and protect the active ingredients from environmental damage, making them suitable for greenhouse use. Third, timing is critical. Biological pesticides usually take longer to work compared to chemical ones, so applications should be made 2–5 days earlier than with traditional chemicals. For instance, Bt emulsion or Beauveria bassiana may take 3–5 days to kill pests after spraying. Fourth, environmental conditions greatly influence performance. Temperature plays a key role—biological pesticides should be applied at temperatures above 20°C. Below this, spore germination slows, and protein crystals may not function properly. Humidity is also important; higher humidity improves efficacy, especially for powdered formulations. Sunlight, particularly ultraviolet rays, can destroy spores. Spraying in the late afternoon or on cloudy days helps preserve their effectiveness. Rain can wash away the pesticide, but light rain after 5–6 hours may actually enhance spore germination and improve control. Fifth, using the right equipment is vital. Most biological pesticides are not systemic, so even coverage is essential. Traditional sprayers often spray only the upper parts of crops, leaving lower leaves and soil under-treated. Efficient equipment like mist sprayers ensures better coverage and reduces waste. Sixth, mixing biological pesticides with other products requires caution. Bio-insecticides cannot be mixed with chemical fungicides, as this can neutralize the active bacteria. However, some biological fungicides can be combined with most chemical agents, except alkaline ones. Lastly, storage conditions matter. Biological pesticides should be kept in cool, dry places to maintain potency. Some products, like Suyun gold stalk and Jinggangmycin, are prone to moisture and spoilage, so their shelf life should not exceed two years. Always follow storage instructions to ensure optimal performance.

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