Progress in research on interface materials for photovoltaic materials for all materials in Ningbo

Organic solar cells have gained significant attention due to their diverse chemical structures, lightweight nature, and ability to be made into large-area flexible devices. They represent one of the most promising and rapidly evolving fields in photovoltaic research. Inverted device architectures, which use ITO as the cathode and high-work-function metals as the anode, offer improved device stability. However, a key challenge arises from the energy level mismatch between ITO and the acceptor material, such as PCBM. To address this, an interfacial layer is typically introduced between the ITO and the active layer, enabling an ohmic contact that enhances electron extraction and collection efficiency. Alcohol-soluble organic molecules have emerged as effective cathode interface materials. These materials can lower the work function of ITO and improve the overall performance of the photovoltaic device. Moreover, their good solubility allows for easy film formation through solution processing. Researchers at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, led by Fang Junfeng, achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 9.2% by optimizing the conjugated units of alcohol-soluble small molecules. This breakthrough represents a world-leading achievement in the field. Studies have shown that alcohol-soluble small molecules with extended conjugation systems can create more hydrophobic cathode interface layers. This improvement leads to better active layer morphology, resulting in higher short-circuit current (Jsc) and fill factor (FF), ultimately contributing to higher-efficiency devices. These findings open up new design strategies for developing advanced organic interface materials. The results were published in *Advanced Energy Materials* (DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201400359) and a Chinese patent was filed (No. 201310264027.7). [Image: Progress in research on interface materials for photovoltaic materials in Ningbo] In addition to these achievements, the research group has also developed various organic and inorganic interface materials, achieving remarkable performance improvements. Their work has been published in reputable journals such as *ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces* (DOI: 10.1021/am404423k, 10.1021/am403829k, 10.1021/am405622q) and *Journal of Colloid and Interface Science* (DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.057). [Image: Progress in research on interface materials for photovoltaic materials in Ningbo] This research has been supported by several key funding programs, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences' 100-Talents Plan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Youth Project, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and the Ningbo Natural Science Fund. These supports have played a crucial role in advancing the development of high-performance interface materials for organic solar cells.

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