The shale gas revolution "Chinese style"

Shale gas is "in the air" in China.

On December 6, the Ministry of Land and Resources announced the results of the second round of shale gas exploration rights bidding. The results show that 17 of the 19 successful bidders are directly under the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission or local state-owned enterprises, but it is striking that two private enterprises – Huaying Shanxi Energy Investment Co., Ltd. and Beijing Titan Tongyuan Natural Gas Resources Technology Co., Ltd. won the bid. At the same time, none of the four major oil companies won the bid.

"This means that the upstream resources of natural gas, traditionally monopolized by the four state-owned enterprises, have for the first time substantially opened a hole for enterprises other than the four major oils and private enterprises. I think this is a breakthrough historical significance. It is China's energy. A milestone in history.” At the “2012 Unconventional Oil and Gas Partner Summit 2012” (hereinafter referred to as “Shale Gas Summit”) held on December 7, Zhang Kang, deputy director of the Advisory Committee of Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, said publicly.

The curtain of the Chinese shale gas revolution is slowly opening.

With the success of the US shale gas revolution, the world energy pattern has undergone significant changes. As a result of this change, many countries including China are also planning to catch up, but whether China can successfully replicate the US shale gas revolution still exists. Too many variables.

Specifically, China's shale gas family is not clear, technical and financial barriers, land and water constraints, pricing mechanisms and restrictions on pipe network management.

Therefore, at the shale gas summit, Chen Weidong, chief energy researcher of CNOOC Energy and Economic Research Institute, made a goodwill reminder. He believes that although companies of various backgrounds and many local governments are very enthusiastic about the exploration and development of shale gas, shale gas is a poor mine compared to traditional oil fields, and the initial capital investment is particularly large, and the commercial risk is also very large. Beware of "the crocodile that is thrown in, the gecko that comes out."

"We usually say that 63 wells have been drilled, and more than 20 wells have produced industrial airflow. This is the data as of May this year. Now the data has been exceeded. The latest statistics have not been summarized." Ministry of Land and Resources Li Yuxi, a researcher at the Oil and Gas Strategy Research Center, told this reporter that the existing gas wells are experimental wells, which are far from commercial development. Therefore, it is difficult to judge the input-output ratio of shale gas in China, and the business prospects are not clear. .

US shale gas revolution changes world energy map

Some companies are turning to more cost-effective oil shale.

The shale gas revolution originating in the United States is known as "the most significant event in the oil and gas industry in the past 100 years."

After 30 years of shale gas mining, the United States has become the world's most successful shale gas mining country and the only country in the world to achieve large-scale exploitation of shale gas.

The so-called shale gas refers to the natural gas accumulation in which the main body is located in dark mudstone or high-carbon mud shale, mainly in the form of adsorption or free state, and its chemical composition is mainly methane (90% or more). Shale gas is considered to be the last category of oil and gas resources on the development stage in petroliferous basins.

In the United States, the success of shale gas has not been achieved overnight, but has been going through more than 30 years. In the 1970s, the oil crisis prompted the US government and related institutions to accelerate the development of oil and gas resources and invest large amounts of money in the study of shale gas.

With the maturity of shale gas development technology, the cost of shale gas has been continuously reduced, but until 2002, it still has no economic advantage and it is difficult to achieve large-scale production. After 2002, due to the significant increase in the average wellhead price of the US natural gas, in order to seek alternative energy sources, some SMEs began to increase exploration and development of shale gas, a high-cost energy source, and brought breakthroughs in key technologies for shale gas development. And application.

Since 2006, US shale gas has grown substantially. In 2000, shale gas accounted for only 1% of the US natural gas supply, and by 2010 this proportion had reached 23%. In 2011, US shale gas production reached 180 billion cubic meters, accounting for 34% of the total US natural gas.

The success of US shale gas has had a broad and far-reaching impact on the US and world energy landscape.

From the perspective of domestic influence, the US energy supply and demand results have been improved, and US energy security has been guaranteed. As a large amount of oil demand is replaced by natural gas, US oil imports have decreased year by year, and US oil dependence has dropped from 64.2% in 2005 to 49.3% in 2010. Due to the substantial growth of natural gas, the balance of supply and demand of crude oil in the US market has been broken, resulting in a sharp drop in domestic consumption and natural gas prices, accelerating the process of re-industrialization in the United States.

From the perspective of international influence, the United States replaced Russia as the first natural gas producer in 2009, greatly enhancing its political voice in Russia, the Middle East and South America.

In this regard, the University of Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy's "Shale Gas and National Security" report pointed out that by 2040, Russia's share of the Western European gas market will fall from 27% in 2009 to 13%. Without US shale gas, Russia, Venezuela and Iran will account for about 33% of the global gas supply market by 2040, and because of US shale gas, the share of the three countries will fall to 26%.

In other words, the success of US shale gas will also help the world's natural gas consumers to compete with potential natural gas OPEC, or to control the global market by energy powers such as Russia.

However, shale gas mining in the United States is also facing the challenge of lowering natural gas prices, environmental pollution and water use constraints. Since August 2008, natural gas prices in the United States have continued to fall (mainly at $3-5/mcf), challenging the bottom line for the development of some shale gas blocks and prompting some companies to switch to more cost-effective oils. shale.

"However, in the long run, the United States will not slow down the exploitation of shale gas, but will actively promote the progress of shale gas technology and adopt more stringent environmental monitoring measures." Chen Weidong analysis.

China’s shale gas is unclear

“Lucky companies that get blocks through tendering actually have to bear high commercial risks.”

The success of American shale gas has stimulated China as the world's largest energy consumer. As an emerging, low-carbon clean energy source, China's shale gas resources are among the highest in the world, and the development prospects are huge.

The Chinese government officially promulgated the "Shale Gas Development Plan (2011-2015)" (hereinafter referred to as "Planning") in March this year, and proposed an ambitious mining target, that is, by 2015, shale gas extraction will reach 6.5 billion cubic meters. By 2020, shale gas production will reach 100 billion cubic meters. This means that to achieve a 15 times increase in shale gas production during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” period, the laying of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period is crucial.

As far as shale gas mining is concerned, the first priority is to find out the bottom of the family, but the source of shale gas resources in China is not clear. At present, domestic scholars and institutions have made preliminary estimates on the resource potential of shale gas, based on the study of source rocks in conventional oil and gas exploration and development, lacking first-hand exploration data.

At present, a number of institutions have estimated shale gas resources: According to the analogy method, China's shale gas resources estimated by the Langfang Branch of the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute are 21.5-45 trillion cubic meters; China University of Geosciences passed in 2009 Estimated by statistical methods and analogy methods, the recoverable resources of shale gas in China is 26 trillion cubic meters; the Ministry of Land and Resources has released the “National Shale Gas Resource Potential Survey and Evaluation and Advantageous Areas of Favorable Areas”, which is called China’s shale gas. The potential for recoverable resources is 25.1 trillion cubic meters, which is more than 24.4 trillion cubic meters in the United States.

The above estimates are quite different from the US forecast for China. According to EIA's "World shale gas resources: preliminary assessment of 14 regions outside the United States" published in April 2011, China's shale gas mining resources are 36 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 19% of the global total.

In this regard, China National Petroleum Corporation Advisory Center expert, former Deputy Director of the Exploration Department of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry Cha Quanheng told this newspaper that China's resource data is based on more than 60 exploration wells, credibility and The data on the basis of tens of thousands of wells in the United States is very different. Even the United States is constantly adjusting its recoverable resources based on the latest data. Therefore, the investigation and assessment of shale gas resources in China has yet to be further explored.

Because the "home" is unclear, this makes shale gas exploration and development face certain resource uncertainty risks. According to the data of the two rounds of shale gas prospecting bidding held by the Ministry of Land and Resources, the 26 blocks before and after the Ministry of Land and Resources have only a simple location introduction, and almost no geological data useful for the judgment of the value of the block resources.

According to Qiao Dewu, deputy chief engineer of the Oil and Gas Resource Strategy Research Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, the reporter from the Ministry of Land and Resources has taken out the bidding block, which is the first time to carry out shale gas exploration work, so the government authorities have not mastered the details of shale gas. Geological data and information.

The newspaper was informed that these blocks have previously carried out basic and public welfare general geological work, and have some basic geological data, including: geological topographic maps, mineral distribution maps, stratigraphic maps, etc. Some blocks also have preliminary Oil and gas geological data covers the surface and basic geological data more thoroughly, and these data have been published.

“In other words, in the first two rounds of shale gas bidding, those lucky companies that obtained the block by bidding actually have to bear high commercial risks.” Cha Quanheng believes.

A person from the Oil and Gas Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources has publicly stated that in the second round of bidding, Huaying Shanxi Energy Investment Co., Ltd. won the bid for the second block of Fenggang shale gas in Guizhou, which is the worst block and the local geological structure is very complicated. It is very difficult for private enterprises to do it, and Beijing Titan Tongyuan Natural Gas Resource Technology Co., Ltd. won the bid for the third block of Fenggang shale gas in Guizhou.

The average annual investment scale exceeds 120 billion yuan

A gas field with a reserve size of 283.1 billion cubic meters has a total of 3,000 wells.

“The investment in shale gas is very large. Now that China’s shale gas investment has just started, its business prospects are not clear.” Chen Weidong told this reporter.

This is not a worry. According to a report by China's research institute "China's shale gas development and future regulatory framework" (hereinafter referred to as "Research"), China's conventional oil and gas drilling out dry wells or oil and gas wells without economic development, the early failure of oil and gas drilling The rate is as high as 40%, and the risk of deeper shale gas exploration and development is higher. According to research by Harding Shelton Energy Consulting, the probability of a shale gas development project is only 10.8%.

At the same time, the economics of shale gas development are quite different from those of conventional oil and gas fields. According to Shell China's “Technology's Effect on the Success of Shale Gas Projects”, shale gas has three lows, one high and one long (lower gas reservoir pressure, low single well production, low recovery rate, high input). Low grade characteristics of fast production decline and long production cycle. A successful shale gas development project requires exploration of thousands of wells, including a small number of exploration wells, many evaluation wells and a large number of development wells.

A senior expert in the oil and gas field further pointed out that in addition to the large number of wells required in the initial stage of the project to confirm the investment value, in the subsequent production process, in order to maintain the output of the entire gas field, because the single well production is low and the high production period is short. It is also necessary to constantly drill wells. Compared with a shale gas field with a similar reserve size, the development of conventional gas fields requires only drilling dozens of wells, and a reserve of 10 trillion cubic feet (equal to 283.1 billion cubic meters) of shale. In gas fields, the total number of wells may be as high as 3,000.

Take the largest Marcellus shale gas field in the United States as an example. The gas field is buried at a depth of 700-3000 meters, and it is necessary to drill 10-22 million wells. Each well is invested between 3 million and 4 million US dollars, so that the investment for drilling alone is at least 30 million US dollars.

"China's shale gas geological conditions are more complicated than the United States, and the investment will be even greater. This requires sufficient capital strength for the development of shale gas," said a senior expert in the oil and gas field.

According to relevant experts, to achieve the production of 100 billion cubic meters of shale gas in 2020, the total investment in exploration, development, pipe network and public infrastructure in the past 8 years is more than 1 trillion yuan, and the average annual investment scale exceeds 120 billion yuan. According to the international energy consultancy HIS research, the investment in the development of shale gas in China in 2011 was less than 1.5 billion yuan.

Domestic shale gas mining not only faces huge investment problems, but also encounters bottlenecks of immature technology. "Research" pointed out that China already has a certain foundation in shale gas exploration and development technology and equipment, but has not yet formed a systematic supporting technology for shale gas development. In particular, key technologies for different geological conditions and capable of economic development, such as horizontal well drilling, completion, testing, staged fracturing transformation, and fracturing fluid formulation, need further research and improvement.

"China's existing technical level of exploration and development in the traditional oil and gas field can be used as a reference, but it is difficult to fully meet the requirements of domestic shale gas exploration and development." Cha Quanheng said that even if it introduces foreign technology, it will take a long time. Localization process. Compared with the United States, China's shale gas is deeply buried and difficult to develop, so it needs to be explored in practice.

The newspaper was informed that in order to acquire technology, the cooperation between domestic oil companies and American oil companies or oilfield technology service companies will be the main way of shale gas development in the near future. For example, PetroChina and BP signed an agreement to jointly exploit shale gas, signed a mutual shale gas cracking technology training agreement with RPC, and cooperated with Halliburton in shale gas mining; for example, Sinopec also In cooperation with Chevron, BP and other oil companies to discuss shale gas cooperation.

How to develop a suspense area

In the same block, PetroChina explores and mines conventional oil and gas, and other companies explore and exploit shale gas?

Although the concept of shale gas has been vigorously bombed in China, the progress of exploration and development of shale gas is very limited.

“As of the end of May, oil companies mainly implemented shale gas (oil) exploration wells in the Sichuan Basin and the Peripheral, Ordos , and Bohai Bay Basins, including 58 shale gas wells (15 horizontal wells) and shale gas flow. 30 mouths (4 horizontal wells); 5 shale oil horizontal wells, all obtained shale oil flow." Zhang Dawei said.

The exploration and development of the above shale gas is within the block of traditional oil and gas, which also exposes the limitations of our shale gas tendering system.

According to the data, 77% of the favorable block area and 80% of the resource potential of China's shale gas recoverable resources are in the existing oil and gas block, belonging to the four major oil companies of PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC and Yanchang Petroleum. The resource base and conditions of the blank blocks of oil and gas mining rights are not optimistic. The bids for the first two rounds of the Ministry of Land and Resources were all 23% of the blank blocks.

At present, the Ministry of Land and Resources has organized two rounds of tenders. In June 2011, the Ministry of Land and Resources organized the first bidding for shale gas prospecting rights, and sold four blocks, namely, Weinanchuan Block, Guizhou Xiangyang Page Block, Guizhou Fenggang Block, and Xiaoxiang Xiushan District. Block, with an area of ​​about 11,000 square kilometers.

The tender invitation system was implemented, and six companies including PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, Yanchang Petroleum Administration, Zhonglian Coalbed Methane and Henan Coalbed Methane Division were invited to participate in the bidding. Nine sets of qualified bids were received from six companies. The block was flown because less than three bidding companies failed to meet the statutory requirements, while Sinopec won the bid for the Nanchuan block, and the coalbed methane in Henan won the bid for the Xiangxiu Mountain block.

On October 25, 2012, the Ministry of Land and Resources launched the second round of bidding for shale gas prospecting rights. All types of investment entities that meet the prescribed conditions can enter, which means that the upstream of oil and gas resources is officially released to private enterprises. The bidding will be sold to 20 blocks with a total area of ​​over 20,000 square kilometers. A total of 83 enterprises participated in the bidding for 19 blocks (the Anhui Nanling shale block flow label). The bidding enterprises consisted of large oil state-owned enterprises, non-oil state-owned enterprises, private and joint ventures, and submitted 152 sets of tenders.

According to the bidding results released by the Ministry of Land and Resources on December 6, 17 of the winning bidders in the 19 districts are directly under the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission or local state-owned enterprises. The central enterprises have obtained 9 blocks, and the local state-owned enterprises have obtained 8 blocks. Only Huaying Shanxi Energy Investment Co., Ltd. and Beijing Titan Tongyuan Natural Gas Resource Technology Co., Ltd. won the bid, among which Huaying Shanxi was listed by Yongtai Energy , a listed company. They were awarded the second block of Fenggang shale gas in Guizhou, Guizhou Feng. Okayama shale gas three blocks.

“Although the 30,000-square-kilometre block in the two tenders is a second-rate block with poor quality. To really promote shale gas, the country must take some good blocks, otherwise it may be possible to take two or three streams. It is a beautiful trap," said a corporate person who did not want to be named.

At present, all parties are looking forward to a breakthrough in the third round of shale gas bidding, that is, whether the Ministry of Land and Resources can take some shale gas blocks with good resource quality and “overlapping blocks” for bidding.

Whether this breakthrough can be achieved depends on the implementation of the Notice on Strengthening the Exploration, Mining, Supervision and Management of Shale Gas Resources (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice") issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on October 26 this year.

The "Notice" proposes to first encourage oil companies to preferentially explore and exploit shale gas in their blocks. Second, oil companies do not survey and mine, and will not transfer shale to other investment entities without affecting oil and natural gas exploration. Gas exploration and mineral rights; Third, oil and gas exploration is insufficient, and the prospects are uncertain but the shale gas resources potential block, the oil company is required to withdraw from the block and set up shale gas exploration rights.

"I feel that this regulation may be strongly opposed by PetroChina." Xu Bo, senior economist at the China Petroleum Institute of Economics and Technology, said that, for example, the second measure, in the same block, PetroChina explores and mines conventional oil and gas, and other companies explore Mining shale gas, "I think it is more troublesome to do so. Every oil field has the problem of pressure balance and oil preservation. If you come to do shale gas and poke so many holes, will it affect China Petroleum? Safety, economic responsibility?" "I did not come up with a good solution."

The newspaper was informed that during the formulation of the Notice, PetroChina’s internal research institute submitted a plan to the leadership to deal with the redeployment of mining rights in overlapping blocks, but a certain leader of the company had called the Ministry of Land and Resources for consultation. The reply is not moving overlapping blocks, but the results are beyond their expectations.

"The opposition of PetroChina is expected. He will naturally be anxious to move his cheese." A person in charge of a private enterprise said that the four traditional oil companies may use the legal effect of the Notice to make a fuss. It is said that the "Notice" is only the departmental regulations of the Ministry of Land and Resources. The legal hierarchy is very low and only has guiding significance, and its mandatory binding force is weak. "When they did not implement the Notice, the Ministry of Lands could not do anything."

However, not everyone is so pessimistic. Bao Shujing, deputy manager of the non-conventional energy technical support department of Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, analyzed this reporter. Due to the relatively large resources of shale gas blocks of PetroChina and Sinopec, it may not be possible to carry out all of them at the same time, taking into account the shale gas block. The exploration investment per square kilometer is three times the background of conventional blocks, and they are expected to exit some blocks with poor resource quality.

The newspaper was informed that the third round of shale gas prospecting tenders has not yet been put on the agenda of the Ministry of Land and Resources. "For the Ministry of Land and Resources, two rounds of bidding have been made. The area of ​​the tender has reached more than 30,000 square kilometers, which has reached a large scale. What needs to be done now is to summarize the experience and lessons of the first two rounds." Li Yuxi introduced.

Significant constraints on land and water resources

Fracturing mining requires a large amount of water, and many shale gas enrichment areas overlap with water scarcity areas.

Beyond the quality of shale gas blocks, land and environmental constraints will become a larger variable that constrains China's shale gas revolution.

The newspaper was informed that the environmental impact of shale gas mining projects is similar to conventional natural gas exploration, mainly including water pollution, air pollution and land destruction. At the same time, the technical difficulty of shale gas mining is much greater than that of conventional natural gas exploitation, which has a more impact on the ecological environment. To be significant.

According to Ren Jingming, deputy chief engineer of the Environmental Engineering Evaluation Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and director of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Institute, comparing the Barnett shale gas wells in the United States with the typical conventional gas well development data in China, the area of ​​shale gas wells under the same gas production conditions It is about ten times more than conventional natural gas. The number of wells is one hundred times or more than that of conventional natural gas. In addition, the supporting accompanying roads, water tanks, and gas gathering pipelines will occupy a large amount of land.

“Most of China's northern regions are ecologically fragile. The favorable areas for shale gas mining in the south are mostly located in low hilly areas. The cultivated land is fertile but the area is small. Due to the occupation, surface disturbance and ecological protection caused by drilling, special attention should be paid. Contradictions with agriculture, ecology and residential land." Ren Jingming said.

Outside the land, the exploitation of shale gas has a greater impact on water resources. The exploitation of shale gas mainly includes exploration, drilling, completion and other processes. The core technologies are horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Fracturing requires a lot of water. According to the US Department of Energy, a typical shale gas horizontal drilling requires about 1 to 4 million gallons (about 39,900 to 15.14 million cubic meters) of water during drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The water consumption is more than 10 times that of conventional gas pressure cracking (hundreds of squares).

The trouble is that many shale gas resource-rich areas are areas that overlap with water scarcity, such as Liaoning, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, and Sichuan. Most of the blocks in the first two rounds of bidding are located in the south, to a certain extent avoiding the blocks in the northwest region where resources are relatively abundant but water resources are scarce. Taking Sichuan as an example, with the large-scale development of shale gas, the exploitation of shale gas may cause problems with industry and agriculture.

In addition to the amount of water, water quality issues will also be prominent. According to the study, hydraulic fracturing injects a large amount of fracturing fluid into the ground containing chemical additives, and the wastewater that is returned to the ground after fracturing may also contain underground hydrocarbon compounds, heavy metals, and highly dissolved solids (TDS), and even Contaminants such as radioactive minerals. In general, shale gas development does not contaminate groundwater due to shale gas (eg, below -1000 m) and groundwater (eg, -300 m) at different depths.

The occurrence of pollution may be in three stages: the drilling shaft stage will pass through the groundwater layer, the well and the groundwater layer will not be well isolated, and the fracturing fluid will leak into the groundwater layer; during the fracturing stage, due to the shale gas cap rock formation Heterogeneity, if the fracturing layer is too close to the groundwater layer, the geological evaluation data is not enough. Strong fracturing may damage the pressure balance of the gas cap rock formation, increase the crack or fault, and allow the fracturing fluid to penetrate upward into the groundwater layer; During the wastewater discharge stage, it can be infiltrated into the groundwater without being discharged to the surface.

Ren Jingming further pointed out that the favorable areas of shale gas in China are mainly concentrated in areas such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan and Jiangxi. The geological conditions are complex, and there are many underground dark river caves. It is more difficult to prevent and control groundwater pollution. Therefore, it is recommended to speed up the planning and environmental impact assessment of key areas and pilot blocks in accordance with the “Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment of Planning” and related requirements for the Erdos Basin, Sichuan, Chongqing and Hubei provinces that have been tested first.

Reconstruction of shale gas development policy system

Promote the transformation of the oil and gas energy regulatory system through new things in shale gas.

"To achieve its own shale gas revolution, China should summarize the experience of successful development in the United States and the slow development of China's CBM, and form a shale gas exploration and development system and supervision system in line with China's actual situation as soon as possible." Researcher of the Development Research Center of the State Council Zhang Yongwei said to this reporter.

From the experience of the United States, the continuous policy incentives, the technological ability to accumulate progress in development practice, and the participation of many investment entities are the key to technological breakthroughs in shale gas development and commercial success. Among them, continuous policy incentives contribute to the early stage of shale gas development, including high risk, large investment and low market demand.

From the domestic incentive policy for shale gas, the most important policy is the Ministry of Finance and the National Energy Administration jointly issued the "Notice on the introduction of subsidies for the development and utilization of shale gas" on November 1 (hereinafter referred to as the "Subsidy Notice"). The proposed subsidy for 2012-2015 is 0.4 yuan / cubic meter.

At the shale gas summit, Li Yuxi pointed out that according to the "Shale Gas Development Plan (2011-2015)" and "National Shale Gas Resource Potential Survey and Evaluation and Advantageous Area Optimization", the shale gas recoverable resources are 25 trillion cubic meters, but according to the "Subsidy Notice", the standard for shale gas may be only 5 trillion to 7 trillion cubic meters. "What is the strategic significance of such a small amount?"

The “Subsidy Notice” defines three standards for shale gas standards and subsidies: First, it occurs in the source rock and has a high organic matter content (TOC>1.0%) and the adsorption gas content is greater than 20%. Second, The interlayer and thickness of the interlayer are below the siltstone (including siltstone) or carbonate rock, and the thickness of the single layer is not more than 1 m. Third, the total thickness of the interlayer of the gas well is not more than 20% of the target layer of the gas well.

In Li Yuxi's view, most of China's shale gas reservoirs have interlayers. If the thickness is limited to 1 meter, the resources are basically cut in half. At the same time, the regulation of the interlayer ratio limited to 20% is also very strict. Down, it means that less than one-third of the current measured resources can be obtained for shale gas subsidies.

The data show that China's shale gas reservoirs can be divided into three types, pure mudstone, interlayer and interbed. “Where the pure mudstone type can receive subsidies, the inter-layer type can not be obtained.” Li Yuxi pointed out that in the 20th block of the second round of shale gas exploration rights bidding, a large part is located in the Niutitang Formation (geology). The concept), most of which can be subsidized; the other part is located on the edge of the Longmaxi Formation (geological concept), and some of them are not subsidized.

“More troublesome is that the subsidy policy mentioned in the “Notice of Subsidies” is only maintained for three years, and the blocks for exploration and development in the bidding block need at least three years to produce results, but may not enjoy subsidies. Only the oil companies are subsidized. It seems that the significance of this policy is very limited, is it necessary to extend it?” Zhang Dawei, director of the Mineral Resources Reserve Evaluation Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, told this reporter.

In response, Liu Hong, deputy director of the Oil and Gas Department of the National Energy Administration, responded that “the exploration and development of shale gas is very difficult, and the amount of capital invested is very large. The state’s financial resources are limited. The original intention of the subsidy policy is to make limited funds. Adding to the cutting edge, let everyone see the direction of encouragement from the subsidy policy. With the strengthening of the future work, after the output comes out, it will give a fair and equal policy standard."

"We are also jointly formulating the "Shale Gas Industry Policy" jointly by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, both to implement the "Planning" and to formulate some more long-term policies in the medium and long term." Said to this reporter.

Cha Quanheng analyzed this reporter's analysis. In the shale gas industry policy, it is urgent to clarify how the shale gas production is shipped out.

“At present, domestic natural gas pipelines are mainly monopolized by PetroChina and Sinopec, and these pipelines are not open to third-party users, so other shale gas developers are difficult to use pipeline transportation.” Lin Boqiang, director of China Energy Economic Research Center of Xiamen University, told this newspaper. The reporter said that while the United States adopts vertical separation between natural gas development and pipeline transportation, pipeline operators have implemented non-discriminatory access to natural gas suppliers.

Lin Boqiang further pointed out that many local governments where shale gas resources are located hope that the shale gas produced can be used locally. Therefore, it is more feasible to build small LNG or CNG utilization devices to prevent waste. Local governments have proposed to use shale gas to generate electricity, but the current willingness to accept the grid is not high."

"In the long run, with the increase of shale gas extraction, natural gas still needs to be transported through pipelines for long distances. Then the problem of open pipelines to third parties will be very important. It is recommended that China learn from the US experience and implement natural gas development and pipelines. The thorough separation of transportation." Lin Boqiang analysis.

At the same time, the price of shale gas is also the key to the policy system. "The Plan proposes to implement market pricing for shale gas. This is a major change in the current shale gas pricing by the government. How to implement it is yet to be clear." Lin Boqiang believes.

In addition, an important experience of the success of the US shale gas revolution is the establishment of a relatively complete regulatory system. The current focus of US shale gas regulation has shifted from promoting shale gas development to ensuring safe and environmentally friendly development of shale gas. In this regard, Zhang Dawei suggested that we should improve the laws, systems, technologies, standards and plans related to shale gas regulation as soon as possible to solve the problem of fair competition, safe production and environmental protection in shale gas mining.

“The regulation of shale gas must be put into the overall regulatory background of energy. Understand, do we have the regulation of energy and traditional oil and gas? No.” Dong Xiucheng, Dean of China Oil and Gas Industry Development Research Center and School of Business, China University of Petroleum It is said that we must promote the establishment of oil and gas resources and the entire energy regulatory system through a new thing like shale gas.

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