Electric light source classification
Electric light sources are generally categorized into two main types: illumination sources and radiation sources. Illumination sources are designed primarily for lighting purposes, emitting visible light within the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm, which is suitable for human vision. These sources have a wide power range, from 0.1 watt up to 20 kW, and they account for about 95% of all electric light sources. On the other hand, radiation sources emit significant amounts of ultraviolet (1 to 380 nm) and infrared (780 to 1 x 10ⶠnm) radiation, often used for specialized applications beyond just illumination. This category includes ultraviolet and infrared light sources, as well as visible light sources that serve non-illumination purposes. Both illumination and radiation sources are typically incoherent, meaning their light waves do not maintain a consistent phase relationship.
In addition to these, there are coherent light sources, such as lasers, which produce highly directional and monochromatic light. These sources work by exciting particles to higher energy states, which then release photons when returning to a lower state. The emitted wavelengths can range from short-wave ultraviolet to far-infrared, making them useful in a variety of scientific and industrial applications.
Electric light sources are further divided into three main categories based on their method of producing light: thermal radiation sources, gas discharge sources, and electroluminescent sources. Thermal radiation sources generate light by heating a filament until it glows, such as in incandescent and halogen lamps. Gas discharge sources, on the other hand, produce light through electrical currents passing through gases or vapors, leading to either arc discharge or glow discharge. Arc discharge sources include low-pressure lamps like fluorescent and sodium vapor lamps, high-pressure mercury and sodium lamps, metal halide lamps, and xenon arc lamps. Glow discharge sources, typically operating at low pressure, include neon signs and certain indicator lights.
Electroluminescent sources involve the emission of light when an electric field is applied to a solid material, converting electrical energy directly into light. This includes devices like electroluminescent panels and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Each type of light source has its own advantages and applications, depending on factors like efficiency, lifespan, color quality, and cost.
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