Electric light source classification

Electric light sources can generally be categorized into two main types: illumination sources and radiation sources. Illumination sources are designed primarily for lighting purposes, emitting visible light in the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm, which is suitable for human vision. These sources vary widely in power, from as low as 0.1 watt up to 20 kW, and they account for about 95% of the total output of all electric light sources. On the other hand, radiation sources emit significant amounts of ultraviolet (1–380 nm) and infrared (780–1×10⁶ nm) radiation, often used for specialized applications beyond just illumination. This category includes ultraviolet lamps, infrared lamps, and visible light sources that serve non-illumination purposes. Both illumination and radiation sources are typically incoherent, meaning their light waves are not in phase. However, there's another type called a coherent light source, such as lasers, which produce highly directional and monochromatic light through stimulated emission. Lasers operate across a wide spectrum, from short-wave ultraviolet to far-infrared, and are widely used in various scientific and industrial applications. Electric light sources are further divided into three main categories based on their method of producing light: thermal radiation sources, gas discharge sources, and electroluminescent sources. Thermal radiation sources work by heating a material until it emits light. Common examples include incandescent bulbs and tungsten-halogen lamps. Gas discharge sources, on the other hand, generate light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapor. This process can occur through either arc discharge or glow discharge, with varying pressure levels—low, high, or ultra-high. Arc discharge lamps include fluorescent lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, metal halide lamps, and xenon lamps, while glow discharge lamps are typically used for indicators and neon signs. Lastly, electroluminescent sources produce light when an electric field is applied to a solid material, converting electrical energy directly into light. This category includes electroluminescent panels and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are increasingly popular due to their efficiency and longevity.

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