In the railway vehicle industry, high-strength weathering steel is widely used, with a growing emphasis on cold-formed steel. According to international data, there are 67 types of cold-formed steel used in railcars, with an average of 4.7 tons per section, accounting for about 20% of the total weight. In China, only 18–20 types are currently used, with approximately 1.2 tons per car, making up around 5.2% of the total weight. To maximize efficiency and reduce weight, each manufacturer should integrate more cold-formed steel into their designs, leveraging its lightweight, thin-walled, and high-performance characteristics.
For transmission towers, cold-formed steel is increasingly being adopted as a replacement for traditional hot-rolled angle steel. This shift improves structural performance while reducing costs. In high-voltage long-distance transmission towers, high-strength and corrosion-resistant structural steel pipes have been tested in cities like Dalian, Guangzhou, Wuxi, and Shanghai, and are expected to be promoted soon. Additionally, triangular tower structures made from cold-formed steel for communication towers are under development, signaling a promising future for this material in infrastructure projects.
Steel sheet piles are commonly used in foreign countries for river embankments, foundation support, and trench construction. However, in China, there are no standardized product specifications or construction guidelines, leading to the continued use of hot-rolled channel steel and I-beams. The industry is now working on developing construction standards to fill this gap and promote the use of cold-formed steel in the domestic market.
In the machinery manufacturing sector, especially in the automotive industry, mechanically produced cold-formed steel has significant market potential. Despite this, China still lacks a wide range of cold-formed steel products. Applications such as car panels, bus frames, doors and windows, drive shafts, exhaust systems, shock absorbers, truck girders, bumpers, and various bends on vehicles remain largely unexplored. Expanding the use of cold-formed steel in these areas could lead to lighter, stronger, and more cost-effective vehicles.
Steel structures represent the largest consumer of cold-formed steel, primarily used as the load-bearing framework of buildings and retaining plates. Components such as trusses, steel frames, wall frames, support platforms, stairs, keels, and door and window frames are widely made from cold-formed steel. Due to its lightweight, high strength, and excellent performance, it is considered a modern and efficient material that is highly supported by governments. In developed countries, cold-formed steel accounts for 50%–70% of all cold-formed steel usage in construction.
For column applications, structural steel pipes are the preferred choice. They come in various forms, including round tubes (φ21.3–610mm, t=1.2–1.6mm) with 82 standard specifications, square tubes (20×20–500×500mm, t=1.2–16mm) with 101 standards, and rectangular tubes (30×20–600×400mm, t=1.5–16mm) with 170 specifications. According to national standards, there are 353 column specifications available. In 2002, 350,000 tons of steel were used, and this is projected to reach 840,000 tons by 2005.
Single components such as purlins, roof trusses, and other structural elements also rely heavily on cold-formed steel. Channel sections (20×10–400×50mm, t=1.5–6mm) have 88 standard specifications, while angle sections (20×20–150×75mm, t=1.2–6mm) have 45 standards. I-beams (80×40–250×75mm, t=2–5mm) have 23 specifications. In total, 173 open-section steel types are used in steel structures. In 2002, 440,000 tons were used, with projections reaching 1.05 million tons by 2005.
Retaining panels, including profiled, sandwich, composite, tile, and curved panels, are another key application. These panels typically have widths ranging from 400–1000mm (up to 1250mm non-standard), thicknesses of 0.5–23mm, and heights of 12–75mm (up to 145mm non-standard), with 129 standard specifications. In 2002, 180,000 tons were used, and this is expected to rise to 420,000 tons by 2005.
Overall, cold-formed steel usage in steel structures reached 970,000 tons in 2002 and is expected to reach 2.31 million tons in 2005, accounting for 32% of the total cold-formed steel market.
Centrifuge Tube Rack
At present, in the process of isolation and preparation of various stem cells from various tissue sources, Centrifuge Tubes with a volume of 15ml and 50ml are used.
It is one of the low-value consumables with high usage rate. It is generally installed on a dry foam rack with the package or in bulk. When used, it is taken out by the operator and placed on the plastic centrifuge tube rack in the ultra-clean workbench. The common centrifuge tube rack can only make the centrifuge tube stand upright. When transferring liquid or needing centrifugation, the operator should hold the centrifuge tube in the left and the night gun or aspirator in the right. If it is necessary to transfer a large amount of liquid reagents or perform gradient centrifugation operations, such as density gradient centrifugation to separate mononuclear cells, the operator needs to hold the centrifuge tube with the right hand for a long time and tilt the centrifuge tube, which often causes the operator's wrist joint pain. At the same time, it will also affect the liquid superposition effect, which will easily lead to the mixing of liquids of different densities, resulting in the failure of the experiment.
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