Cold-formed steel application field
Railway vehicles are increasingly using high-strength weathering steel and expanding the application of cold-formed steel. According to international data, there are 67 types of cold-formed steel used in railway vehicles, with an average of 4.7 tons per vehicle section, accounting for about 20% of the total weight. In China, only 18–20 types are used, with around 1.2 tons per vehicle, making up just 5.2% of the total weight. To fully leverage the advantages of cold-formed steel—such as its lightweight, thin-walled structure, and high efficiency—each manufacturer should focus on integrating more of it into their designs.
Transmission towers are also seeing a shift toward cold-formed steel, replacing traditional hot-rolled angle steel to enhance performance and reduce costs. High-strength, corrosion-resistant structural steel pipes have been tested in cities like Dalian, Guangzhou, Wuxi, and Shanghai, and are expected to be widely adopted soon. Triangular tower structures made from cold-formed steel for communication towers are also under development, showing promising potential for future applications.
Steel sheet piles are commonly used abroad for river embankments, foundation support, and trench construction. However, in China, there are no established product standards or construction guidelines for cold-formed steel, leading to the continued use of hot-rolled channel steel and I-beams. The industry is now working on developing construction specifications to fill this gap and promote the use of cold-formed steel in the Chinese market.
Cold-formed steel has significant market potential in machinery manufacturing, especially in the automotive sector. Despite this, few varieties have been developed in China. Applications such as car panels, bus frames, doors, windows, drive shafts, exhaust systems, shock absorbers, truck frames, bumpers, and various bends on vehicles remain largely unexplored with cold-formed steel. Expanding these applications could bring major benefits in terms of efficiency and performance.
Steel structures represent the largest consumer of cold-formed steel, primarily used in building frameworks, retaining walls, roof trusses, and other structural components. Cold-formed steel is favored globally due to its light weight, high strength, and excellent performance. It is a highly promoted material by governments, especially in developed countries where it accounts for 50%–70% of all cold-formed steel usage in construction. Its main applications include columns, single members, and retaining panels.
Skeleton columns, such as load-bearing steel pipes, are among the most common uses of cold-formed steel. These include round pipes (φ21.3–610mm, t=1.2–1.6mm), square tubes (20×20–500×500mm, t=1.2–16mm), and rectangular tubes (30×20–600×400mm, t=1.5–16mm). There are 353 standard column specifications according to national standards. In 2002, the usage was 350,000 tons, rising to 840,000 tons by 2005.
Single-piece components like purlins, roof trusses, and other structural elements also make extensive use of cold-formed steel. Channel steel, angle steel, and I-beams are available in multiple sizes and thicknesses, with 173 open-ended steel specifications used in steel structures. In 2002, 440,000 tons were used, increasing to 1.05 million tons by 2005.
Retaining panels, including profiled, sandwich, composite, tile, and curved panels, come in a wide range of dimensions. With widths up to 1250mm, thicknesses between 0.5–23mm, and heights up to 145mm, there are 129 standard specifications. Usage reached 180,000 tons in 2002, projected to rise to 420,000 tons by 2005.
In total, cold-formed steel usage in steel structures amounted to 970,000 tons in 2002 and is expected to reach 2.31 million tons in 2005, representing 32% of the total cold-formed steel consumption.
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