Characteristics and uses of metals such as iron, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, and copper
[China Aluminum] The sewer cover is an inconspicuous part of our daily life environment. Few people will pay attention to them. The reason why cast iron has such a large number and wide range of uses, mainly because of its excellent fluidity, and its easy pouring into a variety of complex shapes. Cast iron is actually the name of a mixture of various elements, including carbon, silicon and iron. The higher the content of carbon, the better the flow characteristics during pouring. Carbon appears here in both graphite and iron carbide forms.
Raw material properties are an important part to consider in metal processing. Do you know the processing characteristics of these common metals below? Let's take a look -
1. Cast Iron - Fluidity
The sewer cover is an inconspicuous part of our daily life environment. Few people will pay attention to them. The reason why cast iron has such a large number and wide range of uses, mainly because of its excellent fluidity, and its easy pouring into a variety of complex shapes. Cast iron is actually the name of a mixture of various elements, including carbon, silicon and iron. The higher the content of carbon, the better the flow characteristics during pouring. Carbon appears here in both graphite and iron carbide forms.
The presence of graphite in cast iron gives the sewer cover an excellent wear resistance. Rust generally only appears on the surface, so it is usually polished. In spite of this, there are still measures to prevent rust during the pouring process, that is, the surface of the casting is covered with a layer of asphalt coating, and the asphalt penetrates into the pores on the surface of the cast iron, thus playing a role in rust prevention. The traditional process of producing sand mold casting materials is now used by many designers to update other interesting areas.
Material characteristics: fluidity, low cost, good wear resistance, low solidification shrinkage, very brittle, high compressive strength, good machinability.
Typical Uses: Cast iron has been used for hundreds of years in applications including construction, bridges, engineering components, furniture, and kitchen appliances.
2. Stainless steel - a revolution that does not rust
Stainless steel is an alloy made by incorporating chromium, nickel, and some other metal elements into steel. Its rust-free characteristic is derived from the chromium content of the alloy, which forms a strong, self-repairing chromium oxide film on the surface of the alloy. This film is invisible to the naked eye. The ratio of stainless steel to nickel we usually refer to is generally 18:10.
At the beginning of the 20th century, stainless steel began to be introduced into the field of product design as a talent. The designers developed many new products around its toughness and corrosion resistance, involving many fields that had never been involved before. This series of design attempts is very revolutionary: For example, equipment that can be reused after sterilization appears for the first time in the medical industry.
Stainless steel is divided into four main types: austenite, ferrite, ferrite-austenite (composite), and martensite. The stainless steel used in household products is basically austenite.
Material characteristics: health care, anti-corrosion, fine surface treatment, high rigidity, can be formed by various processing techniques, and it is difficult to perform cold processing.
Typical uses: Austenite stainless steel is mainly used in household products, industrial pipes and building structures; martensitic stainless steel is mainly used to make tools and turbine blades; ferritic stainless steel is corrosion resistant, mainly used in durable washing machines and Boiler parts; Composite stainless steel has a stronger corrosion resistance, so it is often used in aggressive environments.
3. Zinc - 730 pounds in a lifetime
Zinc, flashed with silver and slightly blueish gray, is the third most widely used non-ferrous metal after aluminum and copper. A statistic from the Bureau of Mineral Resources of the United States shows that an ordinary person consumes a total of 331 kilograms of zinc in his lifetime. The melting point of zinc is very low, so it is also a very ideal casting material.
Zinc castings are very common in our daily life: the material under the door, the faucet, the electronic components, etc. under the surface layer of the watch, zinc has extremely high anti-corrosion, this feature makes it have a more basic function, ie As a steel surface coating material. In addition to these functions, zinc is also an alloy material for the synthesis of brass with copper. Its corrosion resistance is not only applied to the steel surface coating - it also helps to enhance our human immune system.
Material characteristics: health care, anti-corrosion, excellent castability, excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, high hardness, cheap raw materials, low melting point, creep resistance, easy alloying with other metals, with health, at room temperature Fragile, malleable around 100 degrees Celsius.
Typical use: electronic product components. Zinc is one of the bronze alloy materials. Zinc also has cleanliness and corrosion resistance. In addition, zinc is also used in roofing materials, photo engraving disks, mobile phone antennas, and shutter devices in cameras.
3. Modern Materials - Aluminum (AL)
Compared to gold, which has been used for more than 9,000 years, aluminum, the slightly blue-white metal, can only be regarded as a baby in metal materials. Aluminum was introduced in the early 18th century and was named. Unlike other metallic elements, aluminum is not present in nature in the form of direct metal elements, but is extracted from bauxite containing 50% alumina (also known as bauxite). Aluminum present in this form in minerals is also one of the more abundant metal elements on our planet.
When aluminum such metal appeared earlier, it was not immediately applied to people's lives. Later, a series of new products for its unique features and characteristics gradually emerged, and this kind of high-tech materials gradually became more and more extensive. Although the application history of aluminum is relatively short, the output of aluminum products on the market has far exceeded the sum of other non-ferrous metal products.
Material characteristics: Flexible, plastic, easy to make alloys, high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, easy conductive, heat-conducting, recyclable.
Typical uses: vehicle skeletons, aircraft parts, kitchen utensils, packaging, and furniture. Aluminum is also often used to reinforce some large building structures, such as the Statue of Elysium on Piccadilly Circus in London, and the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City. They have all used aluminum reinforcements.
4. Magnesium alloy - ultra-thin aesthetic design
Magnesium is a very important non-ferrous metal. It is lighter than aluminum and can form a high-strength alloy with other metals. Magnesium alloy has a light specific gravity, high specific strength and specific rigidity, good thermal conductivity, and good damping reduction. Seismic and electromagnetic shielding performance, easy processing and molding, easy recovery and so on.
However, for a long time, magnesium and magnesium alloys have been used only in aviation, aerospace and military industries due to their high price and technical limitations, and are therefore known as “noble metalsâ€. Magnesium is the third largest metal engineering material after steel and aluminum and is widely used in aerospace, automotive, electronics, mobile communications, and metallurgy. It can be expected that the importance of magnesium metal will become greater in the future due to the increase in the production costs of other structural metals. Sex becomes bigger. Sex becomes bigger.
Magnesium alloy has a specific gravity of 68% of aluminum alloy, 27% of zinc alloy, and 23% of steel, and is commonly used in automotive parts, 3C product housings, and construction materials. Most ultra-thin laptops and cell phone cases use magnesium alloy casings.
Since the last century, humans have an indelible love for metal texture and luster. Although plastic products can form a metal-like appearance, their gloss, hardness, temperature, and texture are still different from metals. As a new type of metal raw material, magnesium alloys give people a feeling of high-tech products.
The corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys is 8 times that of carbon steels, 4 times that of aluminum alloys, and more than 10 times that of plastics. Corrosion resistance is the preferred among alloys. Commonly used magnesium alloys are non-flammable, especially when used on parts and building materials for steam locomotives to avoid instantaneous combustion.
The reserves of magnesium in the earth's crust ranks eighth, and most of the magnesium raw materials are extracted from seawater, so its resources are stable and sufficient.
Material characteristics: lightweight structure, high rigidity and impact resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, good thermal conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, good non-flammability, poor heat resistance, easy to recycle.
Typical uses: Widely used in aerospace, automotive, electronics, mobile communications, metallurgy and other fields.
5. Copper - human partners
Copper is simply an incredibly versatile metal that is so closely related to our lives. Many of the early human tools and weapons were made of copper. Its Latin name, cuprum, originated from a place called Cyprus, which is an island rich in copper resources. People used the abbreviation Cu of the island's name to name the metal material, so copper has now its code name.
Copper plays a very important role in modern society: it is widely used in building structures as a carrier for transmission of electricity. In addition, for thousands of years it has been used by many people from different cultural backgrounds as raw materials for making body decorations. . From the simpler decoding and transmission to the key role that will later play in complex modern communication applications, this malleable, orange-red metal continues to evolve with us. Copper is an excellent electrical conductor whose electrical conductivity is second only to silver. From the point of view of the time history of people using metal materials, copper is the second most precious metal for people after the gold. This is largely due to the fact that copper mines are easily mined and copper is relatively easily separated from copper mines.
Material properties: Very good corrosion resistance, excellent thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, hard, flexible, ductile, polished, and unique results.
Typical uses: wires, engine coils, printed circuits, roofing materials, pipe materials, heating materials, jewelry, cookware. It is also one of the main alloying components for producing bronze.
6. Chrome - post-processing of high finish
The more common form of chromium is used as an alloying element in stainless steel to enhance the hardness of stainless steel. The chrome plating process is generally divided into three types: decorative coatings, hard chromium coatings, and black chrome coatings. Chrome plating is widely used in the engineering field. The decorative chrome plating layer is usually plated on the outside of the nickel layer as a superficial layer. The plating layer has an exquisite and delicate mirror-like polishing effect.
As a decorative post-treatment process, the chrome plating thickness is only 0.006 mm. When planning to use the chromium plating process, it must be fully considered the danger of this process. In the past decade, the trend of hexavalent decorative chrome water being replaced by trivalent chrome has become more and more evident because the former has very strong carcinogenicity, while the latter is considered relatively less toxic.
Material characteristics: Very high finish, excellent corrosion resistance, hard and durable, easy to clean, low coefficient of friction.
Typical uses: Decorative chrome plating is a coating material for many automotive components, including door handles and bumpers. In addition, chromium is also used in bicycle components, bathroom faucets and furniture, kitchen utensils, and tableware. Hard chrome plating is more used in the industrial field, including random access memory in the job control block, jet engine components, plastic molds, and shock absorbers. Black chrome plating is mainly used for musical instrument decoration and solar energy utilization.
7. Titanium - light and strong
Titanium is a very special metal, very light in texture, yet very tough and resistant to corrosion, and retains its own color tone for a lifetime at room temperature. The melting point of titanium is similar to that of platinum, so it is commonly used in aerospace and military precision parts. With current and chemical treatment, different colors will be produced. Titanium has excellent resistance to acid and alkali corrosion in "aqua regia" soaked in titanium for several years, still bright, shiny.
If titanium is added to stainless steel, only one percent increase will greatly increase the resistance to rust. Titanium has the characteristics of low density, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. The density of titanium alloy is half that of iron and steel and the strength is similar to that of steel. Titanium has both high temperature resistance and low temperature resistance. High strength can be maintained in a wide temperature range from -253°C to 500°C. These advantages are exactly what space metals need. Titanium alloys are good materials for making rocket engine shells and satellites and spacecrafts. They are called "space metal." Since titanium has these advantages, it has become a prominent rare metal since the 1950s.
Titanium is a pure metal. Because of the "pure" nature of titanium, there is no chemical reaction when it comes in contact with it. In other words, because of its high corrosion resistance and stability, titanium does not affect its essence even after long-term contact with humans, so it does not cause human allergies. It is a metal that does not have any effect on human autonomic nerves and taste. It was called "probiotic metal."
The big disadvantage of titanium is that it is difficult to extract. This is mainly because titanium can combine with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and many other elements at high temperatures. Therefore, people used titanium as a "rare metal". In fact, the content of titanium accounts for about 6 地 of the weight of the earth's crust, more than 10 times the sum of copper, tin, manganese, and zinc.
Material characteristics: Very high strength, weight ratio Excellent corrosion resistance, difficulty in cold working, good weldability, approximately 40% lighter than steel, 60% lighter than aluminum, low electrical conductivity, low thermal expansion rate, high melting point.
Typical uses: golf clubs, tennis rackets, laptops, cameras, trunks, surgical implants, aircraft frames, chemical appliances, and maritime equipment. In addition, titanium is also used as a white pigment for paper, painting, and plastics.
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