Liquid ammonia hazards and protective measures

Liquid ammonia, also known as anhydrous ammonia, is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent odor. It is widely used as a key chemical raw material due to its ease of transportation and storage. Typically, gaseous ammonia is converted into liquid form through pressurization or cooling. Liquid ammonia is stored in specially designed pressure-resistant cylinders or steel tanks, which are both corrosive and prone to evaporation. Exposure to liquid ammonia can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, posing serious health risks. At low concentrations, ammonia can irritate mucous membranes, while high concentrations may cause tissue damage, necrosis, and even death. Acute poisoning from ammonia exposure can lead to symptoms such as tearing, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, and difficulty breathing. In more severe cases, it can result in pulmonary edema, respiratory distress syndrome, coma, and shock. Eye and skin burns are also common, and in extreme cases, laryngeal edema or bronchial necrosis can cause suffocation. To protect against these hazards, comprehensive safety measures must be taken. This includes using appropriate protective equipment such as respirators, protective clothing, eye protection, gloves, and boots. Respirators can range from filter-type half-masks to full-face respirators and self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA). Protective clothing should be fully enclosed and airtight, especially in high-risk situations. Eye protection, such as goggles or face shields, is essential when handling ammonia. For minor spills or small leaks, the risk is lower but still present. In confined spaces, oxygen levels may drop below 19.5%, requiring the use of SCBA. In open areas, a half-mask respirator with a suitable filter may be sufficient, but additional eye protection is necessary. Protective clothing should be chemical-resistant and insulated to prevent cold burns caused by evaporating liquid ammonia. Gloves and other accessories must be properly sealed to avoid exposure. In the event of a large-scale leak, the highest level of protection is required. Emergency responders must wear fully enclosed, airtight chemical suits paired with SCBA. The clothing must be resistant to both liquid and gaseous ammonia, and maintain integrity under low temperatures. Proper training and preparation are crucial for safe handling and emergency response. Understanding the risks associated with liquid ammonia and implementing the right safety protocols is essential for protecting workers and the environment. Always follow established guidelines and use appropriate personal protective equipment when handling this hazardous substance.

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